Expansion: Big Bang or Stretching? 7
Strings of Galaxies. It is widely recognized that gravity would not
pull matter into long strings of hundreds or thousands of galaxies=97
even if the universe were unbelievably old. Instead, gravity, if
acting over enormous time and distances, would form more spherical
globs of matter. Yet, long, massive filaments of galaxies have been
discovered (10).
These strings of galaxies can be understood if galaxies were formed
when all matter in the universe was initially confined to a much
smaller volume. (In that small volume, stars and galaxies formed
either by the direct acts of a Creator or by the powerful
gravitational forces resulting from so much extremely confined mass.)
Then, the heavens were rapidly stretched out. Just as one might pull
taffy into long strings, the stretched out heavens might contain long,
massive strings of thousands of galaxies. A surprising number appear
connected or aligned with other galaxies or quasars, as prominent
astronomers have noted.
10. =93Thirty-seven of the brightest galaxies were detected, including a
quasar, but thousands of galaxies were probably in the string,
according to astronomer Dr. Paul Francis who heads the team. But none
of the existing computer simulation models were able to reproduce
galaxy strings as large as the one the team found. =91We are looking
back four-fifths of the way to the beginning of the universe and the
existence of this galaxy string will send astrophysicists around the
world back to the drawing board to re-examine [big bang] theories of
the formation of the universe,=92 Francis said. The simulations tell us
that you cannot take the matter in the early universe and line it up
in strings this large. There simply hasn=92t been enough time since the
Big Bang for it to form structures this colossal.=94 Science & Space,
=93Galaxy Find Stirs Big Bang Debate,=94 www.CNN.com on 8 January 2004.
Paul J. Francis et al., =93An 80 Mpc Filament of Galaxies at Redshift
Z=3D2.38,=94 presented to the American Astronomical Society (Atlanta,
Georgia), 7 January 2004. [80 Mpc=3D1,500,000,000,000,000,000,000
miles=3D2,400,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilometers=3D261,000,000 light-
years]
M. Mitchell Waldrop, =93The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe Gets
Larger=97Maybe,=94 Science, Vol. 238, 13 November 1987, p. 894.
M. Mitchell Waldrop, =93Astronomers Go Up Against the Great Wall,=94
Science, Vol. 246, 17 November 1989, p. 885.
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