The Controversy Ended

The Controversy Ended
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At the close of the thousand years, Christ again returns to the earth. He
is 
accompanied by the host of the redeemed and attended by a retinue of
angels. 
As He descends in terrific majesty He bids the wicked dead arise to
receive 
their doom. They come forth, a mighty host, numberless as the sands of the

sea. What a contrast to those who were raised at the first resurrection!
The 
righteous were clothed with immortal youth and beauty. The wicked bear the

traces of disease and death.

Every eye in that vast multitude is turned to behold the glory of the Son
of 
God. With one voice the wicked hosts exclaim: "Blessed is He that cometh
in 
the name of the Lord!" It is not love to Jesus that inspires this
utterance. 
The force of truth urges the words from unwilling lips. As the wicked went

into their graves, so they come forth with the same enmity to Christ and
the 
same spirit of rebellion. They are to have no new probation in which to 
remedy the defects of their past lives. Nothing would be gained by this. A

lifetime of transgression has not softened their hearts. A second
probation, 
were it given them, would be occupied as was the first in evading the 
requirements of God and exciting rebellion against Him.

Christ descends upon the Mount of Olives, whence, after His resurrection,
He 
ascended, and where angels repeated the promise of His return. Says the 
prophet: "The Lord my God

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shall come, and all the saints with Thee." "And His feet shall stand in
that 
day upon the Mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east, and
the 
Mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst thereof, . . . and there shall
be 
a very great valley." "And the Lord shall be king over all the earth: in 
that day shall there be one Lord, and His name one." Zechariah 14:5, 4, 9.

As the New Jerusalem, in its dazzling splendor, comes down out of heaven,
it 
rests upon the place purified and made ready to receive it, and Christ,
with 
His people and the angels, enters the Holy City.

Now Satan prepares for a last mighty struggle for the supremacy. While 
deprived of his power and cut off from his work of deception, the prince
of 
evil was miserable and dejected; but as the wicked dead are raised and he 
sees the vast multitudes upon his side, his hopes revive, and he
determines 
not to yield the great controversy. He will marshal all the armies of the 
lost under his banner and through them endeavor to execute his plans. The 
wicked are Satan's captives. In rejecting Christ they have accepted the
rule 
of the rebel leader. They are ready to receive his suggestions and to do
his 
bidding. Yet, true to his early cunning, he does not acknowledge himself
to 
be Satan. He claims to be the prince who is the rightful owner of the
world 
and whose inheritance has been unlawfully wrested from him. He represents 
himself to his deluded subjects as a redeemer, assuring them that his
power 
has brought them forth from their graves and that he is about to rescue
them 
from the most cruel tyranny. The presence of Christ having been removed, 
Satan works wonders to sup****t his claims. He makes the weak strong and 
inspires all with his own spirit and energy. He proposes to lead them 
against the camp of the saints and to take possession of the City of God. 
With fiendish exultation he points to the unnumbered millions who have
been 
raised from the dead and declares that as their leader he is well able to 
overthrow the city and regain his throne and his kingdom.

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In that vast throng are multitudes of the long-lived race that existed 
before the Flood; men of lofty stature and giant intellect, who, yielding
to 
the control of fallen angels, devoted all their skill and knowledge to the

exaltation of themselves; men whose wonderful works of art led the world
to 
idolize their genius, but whose cruelty and evil inventions, defiling the 
earth and defacing the image of God, caused Him to blot them from the face

of His creation. There are kings and generals who conquered nations,
valiant 
men who never lost a battle, proud, ambitious warriors whose approach made

kingdoms tremble. In death these experienced no change. As they come up
from 
the grave, they resume the current of their thoughts just where it ceased.

They are actuated by the same desire to conquer that ruled them when they 
fell.

Satan consults with his angels, and then with these kings and conquerors
and 
mighty men. They look upon the strength and numbers on their side, and 
declare that the army within the city is small in comparison with theirs, 
and that it can be overcome. They lay their plans to take possession of
the 
riches and glory of the New Jerusalem. All immediately begin to prepare
for 
battle. Skillful artisans construct implements of war. Military leaders, 
famed for their success, marshal the throngs of warlike men into companies

and divisions.

At last the order to advance is given, and the countless host moves on--an

army such as was never summoned by earthly conquerors, such as the
combined 
forces of all ages since war began on earth could never equal. Satan, the 
mightiest of warriors, leads the van, and his angels unite their forces
for 
this final struggle. Kings and warriors are in his train, and the
multitudes 
follow in vast companies, each under its appointed leader. With military 
precision the serried ranks advance over the earth's broken and uneven 
surface to the City of God. By command of Jesus, the gates of the New 
Jerusalem are closed, and the armies of Satan surround the city and make 
ready for the onset.

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Now Christ again appears to the view of His enemies. Far above the city, 
upon a foundation of burnished gold, is a throne, high and lifted up. Upon

this throne sits the Son of God, and around Him are the subjects of His 
kingdom. The power and majesty of Christ no language can describe, no pen 
****tray. The glory of the Eternal Father is enshrouding His Son. The 
brightness of His presence fills the City of God, and flows out beyond the

gates, flooding the whole earth with its radiance.

Nearest the throne are those who were once zealous in the cause of Satan, 
but who, plucked as brands from the burning, have followed their Saviour 
with deep, intense devotion. Next are those who perfected Christian 
characters in the midst of falsehood and infidelity, those who honored the

law of God when the Christian world declared it void, and the millions, of

all ages, who were martyred for their faith. And beyond is the "great 
multitude, which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and 
people, and tongues, . . . before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed

with white robes, and palms in their hands." Revelation 7:9. Their warfare

is ended, their victory won. They have run the race and reached the prize.

The palm branch in their hands is a symbol of their triumph, the white
robe 
an emblem of the spotless righteousness of Christ which now is theirs.

The redeemed raise a song of praise that echoes and re-echoes through the 
vaults of heaven: "Salvation to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and

unto the Lamb." Verse 10. And angel and seraph unite their voices in 
adoration. As the redeemed have beheld the power and malignity of Satan, 
they have seen, as never before, that no power but that of Christ could
have 
made them conquerors. In all that ****ning throng there are none to ascribe

salvation to themselves, as if they had prevailed by their own power and 
goodness. Nothing is said of what they have done or suffered; but the
burden 
of every song, the keynote of every anthem, is: Salvation to our God and 
unto the Lamb.

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In the presence of the assembled inhabitants of earth and heaven the final

coronation of the Son of God takes place. And now, invested with supreme 
majesty and power, the King of kings pronounces sentence upon the rebels 
against His government and executes justice upon those who have
transgressed 
His law and oppressed His people. Says the prophet of God: "I saw a great 
white throne, and Him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the 
heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them. And I saw the
dead, 
small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another 
book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out
of 
those things which were written in the books, according to their works." 
Revelation 20:11, 12.

As soon as the books of record are opened, and the eye of Jesus looks upon

the wicked, they are conscious of every sin which they have ever
committed. 
They see just where their feet diverged from the path of purity and 
holiness, just how far pride and rebellion have carried them in the 
violation of the law of God. The seductive temptations which they
encouraged 
by indulgence in sin, the blessings perverted, the messengers of God 
despised, the warnings rejected, the waves of mercy beaten back by the 
stubborn, unrepentant heart--all appear as if written in letters of fire.

Above the throne is revealed the cross; and like a panoramic view appear
the 
scenes of Adam's temptation and fall, and the successive steps in the
great 
plan of redemption. The Saviour's lowly birth; His early life of
simplicity 
and obedience; His baptism in Jordan; the fast and temptation in the 
wilderness; His public ministry, unfolding to men heaven's most precious 
blessings; the days crowded with deeds of love and mercy, the nights of 
prayer and watching in the solitude of the mountains; the plottings of
envy, 
hate, and malice which repaid His benefits; the awful, mysterious agony in

Gethsemane beneath the cru****ng weight of the sins of the whole world; His

betrayal into the hands of the murderous

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mob; the fearful events of that night of horror--the unresisting prisoner,

forsaken by His best-loved disciples, rudely hurried through the streets
of 
Jerusalem; the Son of God exultingly displayed before Annas, arraigned in 
the high priest's palace, in the judgment hall of Pilate, before the 
cowardly and cruel Herod, mocked, insulted, tortured, and condemned to 
die--all are vividly ****trayed.

And now before the swaying multitude are revealed the final scenes--the 
patient Sufferer treading the path to Calvary; the Prince of heaven
hanging 
upon the cross; the haughty priests and the jeering rabble deriding His 
expiring agony; the supernatural darkness; the heaving earth, the rent 
rocks, the open graves, marking the moment when the world's Redeemer
yielded 
up His life.

The awful spectacle appears just as it was. Satan, his angels, and his 
subjects have no power to turn from the picture of their own work. Each 
actor recalls the part which he performed. Herod, who slew the innocent 
children of Bethlehem that he might destroy the King of Israel; the base 
Herodias, upon whose guilty soul rests the blood of John the Baptist; the 
weak, timeserving Pilate; the mocking soldiers; the priests and rulers and

the maddened throng who cried, "His blood be on us, and on our 
children!"--all behold the enormity of their guilt. They vainly seek to
hide 
from the divine majesty of His countenance, out****ning the glory of the
sun, 
while the redeemed cast their crowns at the Saviour's feet, exclaiming:
"He 
died for me!"

Amid the ransomed throng are the apostles of Christ, the heroic Paul, the 
ardent Peter, the loved and loving John, and their truehearted brethren,
and 
with them the vast host of martyrs; while outside the walls, with every
vile 
and abominable thing, are those by whom they were persecuted, imprisoned, 
and slain. There is Nero, that monster of cruelty and vice, beholding the 
joy and exaltation of those whom he once tortured, and in whose extremest 
anguish he found satanic delight. His mother is there to witness the
result 
of

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her own work; to see how the evil stamp of character transmitted to her
son, 
the passions encouraged and developed by her influence and example, have 
borne fruit in crimes that caused the world to shudder.

There are papist priests and prelates, who claimed to be Christ's 
ambassadors, yet employed the rack, the dungeon, and the stake to control 
the consciences of His people. There are the proud pontiffs who exalted 
themselves above God and presumed to change the law of the Most High.
Those 
pretended fathers of the church have an account to render to God from
which 
they would fain be excused. Too late they are made to see that the 
Omniscient One is jealous of His law and that He will in no wise clear the

guilty. They learn now that Christ identifies His interest with that of
His 
suffering people; and they feel the force of His own words: "Inasmuch as
ye 
have done it unto one of the least of these My brethren, ye have done it 
unto Me." Matthew 25:40.

The whole wicked world stand arraigned at the bar of God on the charge of 
high treason against the government of heaven. They have none to plead
their 
cause; they are without excuse; and the sentence of eternal death is 
pronounced against them.

It is now evident to all that the wages of sin is not noble independence
and 
eternal life, but slavery, ruin, and death. The wicked see what they have 
forfeited by their life of rebellion. The far more exceeding and eternal 
weight of glory was despised when offered them; but how desirable it now 
appears. "All this," cries the lost soul, "I might have had; but I chose
to 
put these things far from me. Oh, strange infatuation! I have exchanged 
peace, happiness, and honor for wretchedness, infamy, and despair." All
see 
that their exclusion from heaven is just. By their lives they have
declared: 
"We will not have this Man [Jesus] to reign over us."

As if entranced, the wicked have looked upon the coronation of the Son of 
God. They see in His hands the tables of the divine law, the statutes
which 
they have despised and

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transgressed. They witness the outburst of wonder, rapture, and adoration 
from the saved; and as the wave of melody sweeps over the multitudes
without 
the city, all with one voice exclaim, "Great and marvelous are Thy works, 
Lord God Almighty; just and true are Thy ways, Thou King of saints" 
(Revelation 15:3); and, falling prostrate, they wor****p the Prince of
life.

Satan seems paralyzed as he beholds the glory and majesty of Christ. He
who 
was once a covering cherub remembers whence he has fallen. A ****ning
seraph, 
"son of the morning;" how changed, how degraded! From the council where
once 
he was honored, he is forever excluded. He sees another now standing near
to 
the Father, veiling His glory. He has seen the crown placed upon the head
of 
Christ by an angel of lofty stature and majestic presence, and he knows
that 
the exalted position of this angel might have been his.

Memory recalls the home of his innocence and purity, the peace and content

that were his until he indulged in murmuring against God, and envy of 
Christ. His accusations, his rebellion, his deceptions to gain the
sympathy 
and sup****t of the angels, his stubborn persistence in making no effort
for 
self-recovery when God would have granted him forgiveness --all come
vividly 
before him. He reviews his work among men and its results--the enmity of
man 
toward his fellow man, the terrible destruction of life, the rise and fall

of kingdoms, the overturning of thrones, the long succession of tumults, 
conflicts, and revolutions. He recalls his constant efforts to oppose the 
work of Christ and to sink man lower and lower. He sees that his hellish 
plots have been powerless to destroy those who have put their trust in 
Jesus. As Satan looks upon his kingdom, the fruit of his toil, he sees
only 
failure and ruin. He has led the multitudes to believe that the City of
God 
would be an easy prey; but he knows that this is false. Again and again,
in 
the progress of the great controversy, he has been defeated and compelled
to 
yield. He knows too well the power and majesty of the Eternal.

670

The aim of the great rebel has ever been to justify himself and to prove
the 
divine government responsible for the rebellion. To this end he has bent
all 
the power of his giant intellect. He has worked deliberately and 
systematically, and with marvelous success, leading vast multitudes to 
accept his version of the great controversy which has been so long in 
progress. For thousands of years this chief of conspiracy has palmed off 
falsehood for truth. But the time has now come when the rebellion is to be

finally defeated and the history and character of Satan disclosed. In his 
last great effort to dethrone Christ, destroy His people, and take 
possession of the City of God, the archdeceiver has been fully unmasked. 
Those who have united with him see the total failure of his cause.
Christ's 
followers and the loyal angels behold the full extent of his machinations 
against the government of God. He is the object of universal abhorrence.

Satan sees that his voluntary rebellion has unfitted him for heaven. He
has 
trained his powers to war against God; the purity, peace, and harmony of 
heaven would be to him supreme torture. His accusations against the mercy 
and justice of God are now silenced. The reproach which he has endeavored
to 
cast upon Jehovah rests wholly upon himself. And now Satan bows down and 
confesses the justice of his sentence.

"Who shall not fear Thee, O Lord, and glorify Thy name? for Thou only art 
holy: for all nations shall come and wor****p before Thee; for Thy
judgments 
are made manifest." Verse 4. Every question of truth and error in the 
long-standing controversy has now been made plain. The results of
rebellion, 
the fruits of setting aside the divine statutes, have been laid open to
the 
view of all created intelligences. The working out of Satan's rule in 
contrast with the government of God has been presented to the whole 
universe. Satan's own works have condemned him. God's wisdom, His justice,

and His goodness stand fully vindicated. It is seen that all His dealings
in 
the great controversy have been conducted

671

with respect to the eternal good of His people and the good of all the 
worlds that He has created. "All Thy works shall praise Thee, O Lord; and 
Thy saints shall bless Thee." Psalm 145:10. The history of sin will stand
to 
all eternity as a witness that with the existence of God's law is bound up

the happiness of all the beings He has created. With all the facts of the 
great controversy in view, the whole universe, both loyal and rebellious, 
with one accord declare: "Just and true are Thy ways, Thou King of
saints."

Before the universe has been clearly presented the great sacrifice made by

the Father and the Son in man's behalf. The hour has come when Christ 
occupies His rightful position and is glorified above principalities and 
powers and every name that is named. It was for the joy that was set
before 
Him--that He might bring many sons unto glory--that He endured the cross
and 
despised the shame. And inconceivably great as was the sorrow and the
shame, 
yet greater is the joy and the glory. He looks upon the redeemed, renewed
in 
His own image, every heart bearing the perfect impress of the divine,
every 
face reflecting the likeness of their King. He beholds in them the result
of 
the travail of His soul, and He is satisfied. Then, in a voice that
reaches 
the assembled multitudes of the righteous and the wicked, He declares: 
"Behold the purchase of My blood! For these I suffered, for these I died, 
that they might dwell in My presence throughout eternal ages." And the
song 
of praise ascends from the white-robed ones about the throne: "Worthy is
the 
Lamb that was slain to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and
strength, 
and honor, and glory, and blessing." Revelation 5:12.

Notwithstanding that Satan has been constrained to acknowledge God's
justice 
and to bow to the supremacy of Christ, his character remains unchanged.
The 
spirit of rebellion, like a mighty torrent, again bursts forth. Filled
with 
frenzy, he determines not to yield the great controversy. The time has
come 
for a last desperate struggle against the King

672

of heaven. He rushes into the midst of his subjects and endeavors to
inspire 
them with his own fury and arouse them to instant battle. But of all the 
countless millions whom he has allured into rebellion, there are none now
to 
acknowledge his supremacy. His power is at an end. The wicked are filled 
with the same hatred of God that inspires Satan; but they see that their 
case is hopeless, that they cannot prevail against Jehovah. Their rage is 
kindled against Satan and those who have been his agents in deception, and

with the fury of demons they turn upon them.

Saith the Lord: "Because thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God; 
behold, therefore I will bring strangers upon thee, the terrible of the 
nations: and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of thy
wisdom, 
and they shall defile thy brightness. They shall bring thee down to the 
pit." "I will destroy thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the
stones 
of fire. . . . I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before
kings, 
that they may behold thee. . . . I will bring thee to ashes upon the earth

in the sight of all them that behold thee. . . . Thou shalt be a terror,
and 
never shalt thou be any more." Ezekiel 28:6-8, 16-19.

"Every battle of the warrior is with confused noise, and garments rolled
in 
blood; but this shall be with burning and fuel of fire." "The indignation
of 
the Lord is upon all nations, and His fury upon all their armies: He hath 
utterly destroyed them, He hath delivered them to the slaughter." "Upon
the 
wicked He shall rain quick burning coals, fire and brimstone and an
horrible 
tempest: this shall be the ****tion of their cup." Isaiah 9:5; 34:2; Psalm 
11:6, margin. Fire comes down from God out of heaven. The earth is broken 
up. The weapons concealed in its depths are drawn forth. Devouring flames 
burst from every yawning chasm. The very rocks are on fire. The day has
come 
that shall burn as an oven. The elements melt with fervent heat, the earth

also, and the works that are therein are burned up. Malachi 4:1; 2 Peter 
3:10. The earth's surface seems one molten mass--a vast, seething

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lake of fire. It is the time of the judgment and perdition of ungodly 
men--"the day of the Lord's vengeance, and the year of recompenses for the

controversy of Zion." Isaiah 34:8.

The wicked receive their recompense in the earth. Proverbs 11:31. They 
"shall be stubble: and the day that cometh shall burn them up, saith the 
Lord of hosts." Malachi 4:1. Some are destroyed as in a moment, while
others 
suffer many days. All are punished "according to their deeds." The sins of

the righteous having been transferred to Satan, he is made to suffer not 
only for his own rebellion, but for all the sins which he has caused God's

people to commit. His punishment is to be far greater than that of those 
whom he has deceived. After all have perished who fell by his deceptions,
he 
is still to live and suffer on. In the cleansing flames the wicked are at 
last destroyed, root and branch--Satan the root, his followers the
branches. 
The full penalty of the law has been visited; the demands of justice have 
been met; and heaven and earth, beholding, declare the righteousness of 
Jehovah.

Satan's work of ruin is forever ended. For six thousand years he has
wrought 
his will, filling the earth with woe and causing grief throughout the 
universe. The whole creation has groaned and travailed together in pain.
Now 
God's creatures are forever delivered from his presence and temptations. 
"The whole earth is at rest, and is quiet: they [the righteous] break
forth 
into singing." Isaiah 14:7. And a shout of praise and triumph ascends from

the whole loyal universe. "The voice of a great multitude," "as the voice
of 
many waters, and as the voice of mighty thunderings," is heard, saying: 
"Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth." Revelation 19:6.

While the earth was wrapped in the fire of destruction, the righteous
abode 
safely in the Holy City. Upon those that had part in the first
resurrection, 
the second death has no power. While God is to the wicked a consuming
fire, 
He is to His people both a sun and a ****eld. Revelation 20:6; Psalm 84:11.

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"I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first 
earth were passed away." Revelation 21:1. The fire that consumes the
wicked 
purifies the earth. Every trace of the curse is swept away. No eternally 
burning hell will keep before the ransomed the fearful consequences of
sin.

One reminder alone remains: Our Redeemer will ever bear the marks of His 
crucifixion. Upon His wounded head, upon His side, His hands and feet, are

the only traces of the cruel work that sin has wrought. Says the prophet, 
beholding Christ in His glory: "He had bright beams coming out of His
side: 
and there was the hiding of His power." Habakkuk 3:4, margin. That pierced

side whence flowed the crimson stream that reconciled man to God--there is

the Saviour's glory, there "the hiding of His power." "Mighty to save," 
through the sacrifice of redemption, He was therefore strong to execute 
justice upon them that despised God's mercy. And the tokens of His 
humiliation are His highest honor; through the eternal ages the wounds of 
Calvary will show forth His praise and declare His power.

"O Tower of the flock, the stronghold of the daughter of Zion, unto Thee 
shall it come, even the first dominion." Micah 4:8. The time has come to 
which holy men have looked with longing since the flaming sword barred the

first pair from Eden, the time for "the redemption of the purchased 
possession." Ephesians 1:14. The earth originally given to man as his 
kingdom, betrayed by him into the hands of Satan, and so long held by the 
mighty foe, has been brought back by the great plan of redemption. All
that 
was lost by sin has been restored. "Thus saith the Lord . . . that formed 
the earth and made it; He hath established it, He created it not in vain,
He 
formed it to be inhabited." Isaiah 45:18. God's original purpose in the 
creation of the earth is fulfilled as it is made the eternal abode of the 
redeemed. "The righteous shall inherit the land, and dwell therein
forever." 
Psalm 37:29.

A fear of making the future inheritance seem too material

675

has led many to spiritualize away the very truths which lead us to look
upon 
it as our home. Christ assured His disciples that He went to prepare 
mansions for them in the Father's house. Those who accept the teachings of

God's word will not be wholly ignorant concerning the heavenly abode. And 
yet, "eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the
heart 
of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love Him." 1 
Corinthians 2:9. Human language is inadequate to describe the reward of
the 
righteous. It will be known only to those who behold it. No finite mind
can 
comprehend the glory of the Paradise of God.

In the Bible the inheritance of the saved is called "a country." Hebrews 
11:14-16. There the heavenly Shepherd leads His flock to fountains of
living 
waters. The tree of life yields its fruit every month, and the leaves of
the 
tree are for the service of the nations. There are ever-flowing streams, 
clear as crystal, and beside them waving trees cast their shadows upon the

paths prepared for the ransomed of the Lord. There the wide-spreading
plains 
swell into hills of beauty, and the mountains of God rear their lofty 
summits. On those peaceful plains, beside those living streams, God's 
people, so long pilgrims and wanderers, shall find a home.

"My people shall dwell in a peaceable habitation, and in sure dwellings,
and 
in quiet resting places." "Violence shall no more be heard in thy land, 
wasting nor destruction within thy borders; but thou shalt call thy walls 
Salvation, and thy gates Praise." "They shall build houses, and inhabit 
them; and they shall plant vineyards, and eat the fruit of them. They
shall 
not build, and another inhabit; they shall not plant, and another eat: . .
. 
Mine elect shall long enjoy the work of their hands." Isaiah 32:18; 60:18;

65:21, 22.

There, "the wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them; and 
the desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose." "Instead of the thorn 
shall come up the fir tree, and instead of the brier shall come up the 
myrtle tree." "The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard 
shall

676

lie down with the kid; . . . and a little child shall lead them." "They 
shall not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain," saith the Lord.
Isaiah 
35:1; 55:13; 11:6, 9.

Pain cannot exist in the atmosphere of heaven. There will be no more
tears, 
no funeral trains, no badges of mourning. "There shall be no more death, 
neither sorrow, nor crying: . . . for the former things are passed away." 
"The inhabitant shall not say, I am sick: the people that dwell therein 
shall be forgiven their iniquity." Revelation 21:4; Isaiah 33:24.

There is the New Jerusalem, the metropolis of the glorified new earth, "a 
crown of glory in the hand of the Lord, and a royal diadem in the hand of 
thy God." "Her light was like unto a stone most precious, even like a
jasper 
stone, clear as crystal." "The nations of them which are saved shall walk
in 
the light of it: and the kings of the earth do bring their glory and honor

into it." Saith the Lord: "I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and joy in My 
people." "The tabernacle of God is with men, and He will dwell with them, 
and they shall be His people, and God Himself shall be with them, and be 
their God." Isaiah 62:3; Revelation 21:11, 24; Isaiah 65:19; Revelation 
21:3.

In the City of God "there shall be no night." None will need or desire 
repose. There will be no weariness in doing the will of God and offering 
praise to His name. We shall ever feel the freshness of the morning and 
shall ever be far from its close. "And they need no candle, neither light
of 
the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light." Revelation 22:5. The light
of 
the sun will be superseded by a radiance which is not painfully dazzling, 
yet which immeasurably surpasses the brightness of our noontide. The glory

of God and the Lamb floods the Holy City with unfading light. The redeemed

walk in the sunless glory of perpetual day.

"I saw no temple therein: for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are the 
temple of it." Revelation 21:22. The people of God are privileged to hold 
open communion with the Father and the Son. "Now we see through a glass, 
darkly."

677

1 Corinthians 13:12. We behold the image of God reflected, as in a mirror,

in the works of nature and in His dealings with men; but then we shall see

Him face to face, without a dimming veil between. We shall stand in His 
presence and behold the glory of His countenance.

There the redeemed shall know, even as also they are known. The loves and 
sympathies which God Himself has planted in the soul shall there find
truest 
and sweetest exercise. The pure communion with holy beings, the harmonious

social life with the blessed angels and with the faithful ones of all ages

who have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb, 
the sacred ties that bind together "the whole family in heaven and earth" 
(Ephesians 3:15)--these help to constitute the happiness of the redeemed.

There, immortal minds will contemplate with never-failing delight the 
wonders of creative power, the mysteries of redeeming love. There will be
no 
cruel, deceiving foe to tempt to forgetfulness of God. Every faculty will
be 
developed, every capacity increased. The acquirement of knowledge will not

weary the mind or exhaust the energies. There the grandest enterprises may

be carried forward, the loftiest aspirations reached, the highest
ambitions 
realized; and still there will arise new heights to surmount, new wonders
to 
admire, new truths to comprehend, fresh objects to call forth the powers
of 
mind and soul and body.

All the treasures of the universe will be open to the study of God's 
redeemed. Unfettered by mortality, they wing their tireless flight to
worlds 
afar--worlds that thrilled with sorrow at the spectacle of human woe and 
rang with songs of gladness at the tidings of a ransomed soul. With 
unutterable delight the children of earth enter into the joy and the
wisdom 
of unfallen beings. They share the treasures of knowledge and
understanding 
gained through ages upon ages in contemplation of God's handiwork. With 
undimmed vision they gaze upon the glory of creation--suns and stars and 
systems, all in their appointed order circling the throne

678

of Deity. Upon all things, from the least to the greatest, the Creator's 
name is written, and in all are the riches of His power displayed.

And the years of eternity, as they roll, will bring richer and still more 
glorious revelations of God and of Christ. As knowledge is progressive, so

will love, reverence, and happiness increase. The more men learn of God,
the 
greater will be their admiration of His character. As Jesus opens before 
them the riches of redemption and the amazing achievements in the great 
controversy with Satan, the hearts of the ransomed thrill with more
fervent 
devotion, and with more rapturous joy they sweep the harps of gold; and
ten 
thousand times ten thousand and thousands of thousands of voices unite to 
swell the mighty chorus of praise.

"And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the 
earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I
saying, 
Blessing, and honor, and glory, and power, be unto Him that sitteth upon
the 
throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever." Revelation 5:13.

The great controversy is ended. Sin and sinners are no more. The entire 
universe is clean. One pulse of harmony and gladness beats through the
vast 
creation. From Him who created all, flow life and light and gladness, 
throughout the realms of illimitable space. From the minutest atom to the 
greatest world, all things, animate and inanimate, in their unshadowed 
beauty and perfect joy, declare that God is love.

Appendix

(679)

APPENDIX


GENERAL NOTES


REVISIONS ADOPTED BY THE E. G. WHITE TRUSTEES NOVEMBER 19, 1956,

AND DECEMBER 6, 1979


PAGE 50. TITLES.--IN A PASSAGE WHICH IS INCLUDED IN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC
CANON 
LAW, OR CORPUS JURIS CANONICI, POPE INNOCENT III DECLARES THAT THE ROMAN 
PONTIFF IS "THE VICEGERENT UPON EARTH, NOT OF A MERE MAN, BUT OF VERY
GOD;" 
AND IN A GLOSS ON THE PASSAGE IT IS EXPLAINED THAT THIS IS BECAUSE HE IS
THE 
VICEGERENT OF CHRIST, WHO IS "VERY GOD AND VERY MAN." SEE DECRETALES
DOMINI 
GREGORII PAPAE IX (DECRETALS OF THE LORD POPE GREGORY IX), LIBER 1, DE 
TRANSLATIONE EPISCO****UM, (ON THE TRANSFERENCE OF BISHOPS), TITLE 7, CH.
3; 
CORPUS JURIS CANONICI (2D LEIPZIG ED., 1881), COL. 99; (PARIS, 1612), TOM.

2, DECRETALES, COL. 205. THE DOCUMENTS WHICH FORMED THE DECRETALS WERE 
GATHERED BY GRATIAN, WHO WAS TEACHING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA ABOUT
THE 
YEAR 1140. HIS WORK WAS ADDED TO AND RE-EDITED BY POPE GREGORY IX IN AN 
EDITION ISSUED IN 1234. OTHER DOCUMENTS APPEARED IN SUCCEEDING YEARS FROM 
TIME TO TIME INCLUDING THE EXTRAVAGANTES, ADDED TOWARD THE CLOSE OF THE 
FIFTEENTH CENTURY, ALL OF THESE, WITH GRATIAN'S DECRETUM, WERE PUBLISHED
AS 
THE CORPUS JURIS CANONICI IN 1582. POPE PIUS X AUTHORIZED THE CODIFICATION

IN CANON LAW IN 1904, AND THE RESULTING CODE BECAME EFFECTIVE IN 1918.

FOR THE TITLE "LORD GOD THE POPE" SEE A GLOSS ON THE EXTRAVAGANTES OF POPE

JOHN XXII, TITLE 14, CH. 4, DECLARAMUS. IN AN ANTWERP EDITION OF THE 
EXTRAVAGANTES, DATED 1584, THE WORDS "DOMINUM DEUM NOSTRUM PAPAM" ("OUR
LORD 
GOD THE POPE") OCCUR IN COLUMN 153. IN A PARIS EDITION, DATED 1612, THEY 
OCCUR IN COLUMN 140. IN SEVERAL EDITIONS PUBLISHED SINCE 1612 THE WORD 
"DEUM" ("GOD") HAS BEEN OMITTED.

PAGE 50. INFALLIBILITY.--ON THE DOCTRINE OF INFALLIBILITY AS SET FORTH AT 
THE VATICAN COUNCIL OF 1870-71, SEE PHILIP SCHAFF, THE CREEDS OF 
CHRISTENDOM, VOL. 2, DOGMATIC DECREES OF THE VATICAN COUNCIL, PP. 234-271,

WHERE BOTH THE LATIN AND THE ENGLISH TEXTS ARE GIVEN. FOR DISCUSSION SEE, 
FOR THE ROMAN CATHOLIC VIEW, THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA, VOL. 7, ART. 
"INFALLIBILITY," BY PATRICK J. TONER, P. 790 FF.; JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS, 
THE FAITH OF OUR FATHERS (BALTIMORE: JOHN MURPHY COMPANY, 110TH ED.,
1917), 
CHS. 7, 11. FOR ROMAN CATHOLIC OPPOSITION TO THE DOCTRINE OF PAPAL 
INFALLIBILITY, SEE JOHANN JOSEPH IGNAZ VON DOLLINGER (PSEUDONYM "JANUS")
THE 
POPE AND THE COUNCIL (NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 1869); AND W.J. 
SPARROW SIMPSON, ROMAN CATHOLIC OPPOSITION TO PAPAL INFALLIBILITY (LONDON:

JOHN MURRAY, 1909). FOR THE NON-ROMAN VIEW, SEE GEORGE SALMON,
INFALLIBILITY 
OF THE CHURCH (LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, REV. ED., 1914).

680


PAGE 52. IMAGE WOR****P.--"THE WOR****P OF IMAGES . . . WAS ONE OF THOSE 
CORRUPTIONS OF CHRISTIANITY WHICH CREPT INTO THE CHURCH STEALTHILY AND 
ALMOST WITHOUT NOTICE OR OBSERVATION. THIS CORRUPTION DID NOT, LIKE OTHER 
HERESIES, DEVELOP ITSELF AT ONCE, FOR IN THAT CASE IT WOULD HAVE MET WITH 
DECIDED CENSURE AND REBUKE: BUT, MAKING ITS COMMENCEMENT UNDER A FAIR 
DISGUISE, SO GRADUALLY WAS ONE PRACTICE AFTER ANOTHER INTRODUCED IN 
CONNECTION WITH IT, THAT THE CHURCH HAD BECOME DEEPLY STEEPED IN PRACTICAL

IDOLATRY, NOT ONLY WITHOUT ANY EFFICIENT OPPOSITION, BUT ALMOST WITHOUT
ANY 
DECIDED REMONSTRANCE; AND WHEN AT LENGTH AN ENDEAVOR WAS MADE TO ROOT IT 
OUT, THE EVIL WAS FOUND TOO DEEPLY FIXED TO ADMIT OF REMOVAL. . . . IT
MUST 
BE TRACED TO THE IDOLATROUS TENDENCY OF THE HUMAN HEART, AND ITS
PROPENSITY 
TO SERVE THE CREATURE MORE THAN THE CREATOR. . . .

"IMAGES AND PICTURES WERE FIRST INTRODUCED INTO CHURCHES, NOT TO BE 
WOR****PED, BUT EITHER IN THE PLACE OF BOOKS TO GIVE INSTRUCTION TO THOSE
WHO 
COULD NOT READ, OR TO EXCITE DEVOTION IN THE MINDS OF OTHERS. HOW FAR THEY

EVER ANSWERED SUCH A PURPOSE IS DOUBTFUL; BUT, EVEN GRANTING THAT THIS WAS

THE CASE FOR A TIME, IT SOON CEASED TO BE SO, AND IT WAS FOUND THAT
PICTURES 
AND IMAGES BROUGHT INTO CHURCHES DARKENED RATHER THAN ENLIGHTENED THE
MINDS 
OF THE IGNORANT--DEGRADED RATHER THAN EXALTED THE DEVOTION OF THE
WOR****PER. 
SO THAT, HOWEVER THEY MIGHT HAVE BEEN INTENDED TO DIRECT MEN'S MINDS TO
GOD, 
THEY ENDED IN TURNING THEM FROM HIM TO THE WOR****P OF CREATED THINGS."--J.

MENDHAM, THE SEVENTH GENERAL COUNCIL, THE SECOND OF NICAEA, INTRODUCTION, 
PAGES III-VI.

FOR A RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS AND DECISIONS OF THE SECOND COUNCIL OF 
NICAEA, A.D. 787, CALLED TO ESTABLISH THE WOR****P OF IMAGES, SEE BARONIUS,

ECCLESIASTICAL ANNALS, VOL. 9, PP. 391-407 (ANTWERP, 1612); J. MENDHAM,
THE 
SEVENTH GENERAL COUNCIL, THE SECOND OF NICAEA; ED. STILLINGFLEET, DEFENSE
OF 
THE DISCOURSE CONCERNING THE IDOLATRY PRACTICED IN THE CHURCH OF ROME 
(LONDON, 1686); A SELECT LIBRARY OF NICENE AND POST-NICENE FATHERS, 2D 
SERIES, VOL. 14, PP. 521-587 (NEW YORK, 1900); CHARLES J. HEFELE, A
HISTORY 
OF THE COUNCILS OF THE CHURCH, FROM THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, B. 18, CH. 1, 
SECS. 332, 333; CH. 2, SECS. 345-352 (T. AND T. CLARK ED., 1896), VOL. 5, 
PP. 260-304, 342-372.

PAGE 53. THE SUNDAY LAW OF CONSTANTINE.--THE LAW ISSUED BY THE EMPEROR 
CONSTANTINE ON THE SEVENTH OF MARCH, A.D. 321, REGARDING A DAY OF REST
FROM 
LABOR, READS THUS:

"ALL JUDGES AND CITY PEOPLE AND THE CRAFTSMEN SHALL REST UPON THE
VENERABLE 
DAY OF THE SUN. COUNTRY PEOPLE, HOWEVER, MAY FREELY ATTEND TO THE 
CULTIVATION OF THE FIELDS, BECAUSE IT FREQUENTLY HAPPENS THAT NO OTHER
DAYS 
ARE BETTER ADAPTED FOR PLANTING THE GRAIN IN THE FURROWS OR THE VINES IN 
TRENCHES. SO THAT THE ADVANTAGE GIVEN BY HEAVENLY PROVIDENCE MAY NOT FOR
THE 
OCCASION OF A SHORT TIME PERISH."--JOSEPH CULLEN AYER, A SOURCE BOOK FOR 
ANCIENT CHURCH HISTORY (NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 1913), DIV. 2, 
PER. 1, CH. 1, SEC. 59, G, PP. 284, 285.

THE LATIN ORIGINAL IS IN THE CODEX JUSTINIANI (CODEX OF JUSTINIAN), LIB.
3,

681

TITLE 12, LEX. 3. THE LAW IS GIVEN IN LATIN AND IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION IN 
PHILIP SCHAFF'S HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, VOL. 3, 3D PERIOD, CH. 7,

SEC. 75, P. 380, FOOTNOTE 1; AND IN JAMES A. HESSEY'S BAMPTON LECTURES, 
SUNDAY, LECTURE 3, PAR. 1, 3D ED., MURRAY'S PRINTING OF 1866, P. 58. SEE 
DISCUSSION IN SCHAFF, AS ABOVE REFERRED TO; IN ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, A
MANUAL 
OF CHURCH HISTORY (PHILADELPHIA: THE AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY,

PRINTING OF 1933), REV. ED., VOL. 1, PP. 305-307; AND IN LEROY E. FROOM,
THE 
PROPHETIC FAITH OF OUR FATHERS (WA****NGTON, D.C.: REVIEW AND HERALD 
PUBLI****NG ASSN., 1950), VOL. 1, PP 376-381.

PAGE 54. PROPHETIC DATES.--AN IM****TANT PRINCIPLE IN PROPHETIC 
INTERPRETATION IN CONNECTION WITH TIME PROPHECIES IS THE YEAR-DAY
PRINCIPLE, 
UNDER WHICH A DAY OF PROPHETIC TIME IS COUNTED AS A CALENDAR YEAR OF 
HISTORIC TIME. BEFORE THE ISRAELITES ENTERED THE LAND OF CANAAN THEY SENT 
TWELVE SPIES AHEAD TO INVESTIGATE. THE SPIES WERE GONE FORTY DAYS, AND
UPON 
THEIR RETURN THE HEBREWS, FRIGHTENED AT THEIR RE****T, REFUSED TO GO UP AND

OCCUPY THE PROMISED LAND. THE RESULT WAS A SENTENCE THE LORD PASSED UPON 
THEM: "AFTER THE NUMBER OF THE DAYS IN WHICH YE SEARCHED THE LAND, EVEN 
FORTY DAYS, EACH DAY FOR A YEAR, SHALL YE BEAR YOUR INIQUITIES, EVEN FORTY

YEARS." NUMBERS 14:34. A SIMILAR METHOD OF COMPUTING FUTURE TIME IS 
INDICATED THROUGH THE PROPHET EZEKIEL. FORTY YEARS OF PUNISHMENT FOR 
INIQUITIES AWAITED THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH. THE LORD SAID THROUGH THE
PROPHET: 
"LIE AGAIN ON THY RIGHT SIDE, AND THOU SHALT BEAR THE INIQUITY OF THE
HOUSE 
OF JUDAH FORTY DAYS: I HAVE APPOINTED THEE EACH DAY FOR A YEAR." EZEKIEL 
4:6. THIS YEAR-DAY PRINCIPLE HAS AN IM****TANT APPLICATION IN INTERPRETING 
THE TIME OF THE PROPHECY OF THE "TWO THOUSAND AND THREE HUNDRED EVENINGS
AND 
MORNINGS" (DANIEL 8:14, R.V.) AND THE 1260-DAY PERIOD, VARIOUSLY INDICATED

AS "A TIME AND TIMES AND THE DIVIDING OF TIME" (DANIEL 7:25), THE "FORTY
AND 
TWO MONTHS" (REVELATION 11:2; 13:5), AND THE "THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED AND 
THREESCORE DAYS" (REVELATION 11:3; 12:6).

PAGE 56. FORGED WRITINGS.--AMONG THE DOCUMENTS THAT AT THE PRESENT TIME
ARE 
GENERALLY ADMITTED TO BE FORGERIES, THE DONATION OF CONSTANTINE AND THE 
PSEUDO-ISIDORIAN DECRETALS ARE OF PRIMARY IM****TANCE. "THE 'DONATION OF 
CONSTANTINE' IS THE NAME TRADITIONALLY APPLIED, SINCE THE LATER MIDDLE
AGES, 
TO A DOCUMENT PUR****TING TO HAVE BEEN ADDRESSED BY CONSTANTINE THE GREAT
TO 
POPE SYLVESTER I, WHICH IS FOUND FIRST IN A PARISIAN MANUSCRIPT (CODEX
LAT. 
2777) OF PROBABLY THE BEGINNING OF THE NINTH CENTURY. SINCE THE ELEVENTH 
CENTURY IT HAS BEEN USED AS A POWERFUL ARGUMENT IN FAVOR OF THE PAPAL 
CLAIMS, AND CONSEQUENTLY SINCE THE TWELFTH IT HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF A 
VIGOROUS CONTROVERSY. AT THE SAME TIME, BY RENDERING IT POSSIBLE TO REGARD

THE PAPACY AS A MIDDLE TERM BETWEEN THE ORIGINAL AND THE MEDIEVAL ROMAN 
EMPIRE, AND THUS TO FORM A THEORETICAL BASIS OF CONTINUITY FOR THE
RECEPTION 
OF THE ROMAN LAW IN THE MIDDLE AGES, IT HAS HAD NO SMALL INFLUENCE UPON 
SECULAR HISTORY."--THE NEW

682

SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 3, ART. "DONATION
OF 
CONSTANTINE," PP. 484, 485.

THE HISTORICAL THEORY DEVELOPED IN THE "DONATION" IS FULLY DISCUSSED IN 
HENRY E. CARDINAL MANNING'S THE TEM****AL POWER OF THE VICAR OF JESUS
CHRIST, 
LONDON, 1862. THE ARGUMENTS OF THE "DONATION" WERE OF A SCHOLASTIC TYPE,
AND 
THE POSSIBILITY OF A FORGERY WAS NOT MENTIONED UNTIL THE RISE OF
HISTORICAL 
CRITICISM IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. NICHOLAS OF CUSA WAS AMONG THE FIRST
TO 
CONCLUDE THAT CONSTANTINE NEVER MADE ANY SUCH DONATION. LORENZA VALLA IN 
ITALY GAVE A BRILLIANT DEMONSTRATION OF ITS SPURIOUSNESS IN 1450. SEE 
CHRISTOPHER B. COLEMAN'S TREATISE OF LORENZO VALLA ON THE DONATION OF 
CONSTANTINE (NEW YORK, 1927). FOR A CENTURY LONGER, HOWEVER, THE BELIEF IN

THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE "DONATION" AND OF THE FALSE DECRETALS WAS KEPT 
ALIVE. FOR EXAMPLE, MARTIN LUTHER AT FIRST ACCEPTED THE DECRETALS, BUT HE 
SOON SAID TO ECK: "I IMPUGN THESE DECRETALS;" AND TO SPALATIN: "HE [THE 
POPE] DOES IN HIS DECRETALS CORRUPT AND CRUCIFY CHRIST, THAT IS, THE
TRUTH."

IT IS DEEMED ESTABLISHED THAT (1) THE "DONATION" IS A FORGERY, (2) IT IS
THE 
WORK OF ONE MAN OR PERIOD, (3) THE FORGER HAS MADE USE OF OLDER DOCUMENTS,

(4) THE FORGERY ORIGINATED AROUND 752 AND 778. AS FOR THE CATHOLICS, THEY 
ABANDONED THE DEFENSE OF THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE DOCUMENT WITH BARONIUS, 
ECCLESIASTICAL ANNALS, IN 1592. CONSULT FOR THE BEST TEXT, K. ZEUMER, IN
THE 
FESTGABE FUR RUDOLF VON GNEIST (BERLIN, 1888). TRANSLATED IN COLEMAN'S 
TREATISE, REFERRED TO ABOVE, AND IN ERNEST F. HENDERSON, SELECT HISTORICAL

DOCUMENTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES (NEW YORK, 1892), P. 319; BRIEFWECHSEL
(WEIMAR 
ED.), PP. 141, 161. SEE ALSO THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
RELIGIOUS 
KNOWLEDGE (1950), VOL. 3, P. 484; F. GREGOROVIUS, ROME IN THE MIDDLE AGES,

VOL. 2, P. 329; AND JOHANN JOSEPH IGNAZ VON DOLLINGER, FABLES RESPECTING
THE 
POPES OF THE MIDDLE AGES (LONDON, 1871).

THE "FALSE WRITINGS" REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT INCLUDE ALSO THE 
PSEUDO-ISIDORIAN DECRETALS, TOGETHER WITH OTHER FORGERIES. THE 
PSEUDO-ISIDORIAN DECRETALS ARE CERTAIN FICTITIOUS LETTERS ASCRIBED TO
EARLY 
POPES FROM CLEMENT (A.D. 100) TO GREGORY THE GREAT (A.D. 600),
INCOR****ATED 
IN A NINTH CENTURY COLLECTION PUR****TING TO HAVE BEEN MADE BY "ISIDORE 
MERCATOR." THE NAME "PSEUDO-ISIDORIAN DECRETALS" HAS BEEN IN USE SINCE THE

ADVENT OF CRITICISM IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.

PSEUDO-ISIDORE TOOK AS THE BASIS OF HIS FORGERIES A COLLECTION OF VALID 
CANONS CALLED THE HISPANA GALLICA AUGUSTODUNENSIS, THUS LESSENING THE
DANGER 
OF DETECTION, SINCE COLLECTIONS OF CANONS WERE COMMONLY MADE BY ADDING NEW

MATTER TO OLD. THUS HIS FORGERIES WERE LESS APPARENT WHEN INCOR****ATED
WITH 
GENUINE MATERIAL. THE FALSITY OF THE PSEUDO-ISIDORIAN FABRICATIONS IS NOW 
INCONTESTABLY ADMITTED, BEING PROVED BY INTERNAL EVIDENCE, INVESTIGATION
OF 
THE SOURCES, THE METHODS USED, AND THE FACT THAT THIS MATERIAL WAS UNKNOWN

BEFORE 852. HISTORIANS AGREE THAT 850 OR 851 IS THE MOST PROBABLE DATE FOR

THE COMPLETION OF THE COLLECTION, SINCE THE DOCUMENT IS FIRST CITED IN THE

ADMONITIO OF THE CAPITULARY OF QUIERCY, IN 857.

THE AUTHOR OF THESE FORGERIES IS NOT KNOWN. IT IS PROBABLE THAT THEY

683

EMANATED FROM THE AGGRESSIVE NEW CHURCH PARTY WHICH FORMED IN THE NINTH 
CENTURY AT RHEIMS, FRANCE. IT IS AGREED THAT BISHOP HINCMAR OF RHEIMS USED

THESE DECRETALS IN HIS DEPOSITION OF ROTHAD OF SOISSONS, WHO BROUGHT THE 
DECRETALS TO ROME IN 864 AND LAID THEM BEFORE POPE NICHOLAS I.

AMONG THOSE WHO CHALLENGED THEIR AUTHENTICITY WERE NICHOLAS OF CUSA 
(1401-1464), CHARLES DUMOULIN (1500-1566), AND GEORGE CASSENDER (1513- 
1564). THE IRREFUTABLE PROOF OF THEIR FALSITY WAS CONVEYED BY DAVID
BLONDEL, 
1628.

AN EARLY EDITION IS GIVEN IN MIGNE PATROLGIA LATINA, CXXX. FOR THE OLDEST 
AND BEST MANUSCRIPT, SEE P. HINSCHIUS, DECRETALES PSEUDO-ISIDORIANIAE AT 
CAPITULA ANGILRAMNI (LEIPZIG, 1863). CONSULT THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE (1950), VOL. 9, PP. 343-345. SEE ALSO
H. 
H. MILMAN, LATIN CHRISTIANITY (VOLS.), VOL. 3; JOHANN JOSEPH IGNAZ VON 
DOLLINGER, THE POPE AND THE COUNCIL (1869); AND KENNETH SCOTT LATOURETTE,
A 
HISTORY OF THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY (1939), VOL. 3; THE CATHOLIC 
ENCYCLOPEDIA, VOL. 5, ART. "FALSE DECRETALS," AND FOURNIER, "ETUDES SURE
LES 
FAUSSES DECRETALS," IN REVUE D'HISTORIQUE ECCLESIASTIQUE (LOUVAIN) VOL. 7 
(1906), AND VOL. 8 (1907).

PAGE 57. THE DICTATE OF HILDEBRAND (GREGORY VII).--FOR THE ORIGINAL LATIN 
VERSION SEE BARONIUS, ANNALES ECCLESIASTICI, ANN. 1076, VOL. 17, PP. 405, 
406 OF THE PARIS PRINTING OF 1869; AND THE MONUMENTA GERMANIAE HISTORICA 
SELECTA, VOL. 3, P. 17. FOR AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION SEE FREDERIC A. OGG, 
SOURCE BOOK OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY (NEW YORK: AMERICAN BOOK CO., 1907), CH.
6, 
SEC. 45, PP. 262-264; AND OLIVER J. THATCHER AND EDGAR H. MCNEAL, SOURCE 
BOOK FOR MEDIEVAL HISTORY (NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 1905), SEC.
3, 
ITEM 65, PP. 136-139.

FOR A DISCUSSION OF THE BACKGROUND OF THE DICTATE, SEE JAMES BRYCE, THE
HOLY 
ROMAN EMPIRE, REV. ED., CH. 10; AND JAMES W. THOMPSON AND EDGAR N.
JOHNSON, 
AN INTRODUCTION TO MEDIEVAL EUROPE, 300-1500, PAGES 377-380.

PAGE 59. PURGATORY.--DR. JOSEPH FAA DI BRUNO THUS DEFINES PURGATORY: 
"PURGATORY IS A STATE OF SUFFERING AFTER THIS LIFE, IN WHICH THOSE SOULS
ARE 
FOR A TIME DETAINED, WHO DEPART THIS LIFE AFTER THEIR DEADLY SINS HAVE
BEEN 
REMITTED AS TO THE STAIN AND GUILT, AND AS TO THE EVERLASTING PAIN THAT
WAS 
DUE TO THEM; BUT WHO HAVE ON ACCOUNT OF THOSE SINS STILL SOME DEBT OF 
TEM****AL PUNISHMENT TO PAY; AS ALSO THOSE SOULS WHICH LEAVE THIS WORLD 
GUILTY ONLY OF VENIAL SINS."--CATHOLIC BELIEF (1884 ED.; IMPRIMATUR 
ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK), PAGE 196.

SEE ALSO K. R. HAGENBACH, COMPENDIUM OF THE HISTORY OF DOCTRINES (T. AND
T. 
CLARK ED.) VOL. 1, PP. 234-237, 405, 408; VOL. 2, PP. 135-150, 308, 309; 
CHARLES ELLIOTT, DELINEATION OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM, B. 2, CH. 12; THE 
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA, VOL. 12, ART. "PURGATORY."

PAGE 59. INDULGENCES.--FOR A DETAILED HISTORY OF THE DOCTRINE OF
INDULGENCES 
SEE MANDELL CREIGHTON, A HISTORY OF THE PAPACY FROM THE GREAT

684

SCHISM TO THE SACK OF ROME (LONDON: LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO., 1911), VOL.
5, 
PP. 56-64, 71; W.H. KENT, "INDULGENCES," THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA, VOL.
7, 
PP. 783-789; H. C. LEA, A HISTORY OF AURICULAR CONFESSION AND INDULGENCES
IN 
THE LATIN CHURCH (PHILADELPHIA: LEA BROTHERS AND CO., 1896); THOMAS M. 
LINDSAY, A HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION (NEW YORK; CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 
1917), VOL. 1, PP. 216-227; ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, A MANUAL OF CHURCH
HISTORY 
(PHILADELPHIA: THE AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY, 1953), VOL. 2,
PP. 
53, 54, 62; LEOPOLD RANKE, HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY (2D
LONDON 
ED., 1845), TRANSLATED BY SARAH AUSTIN, VOL. 1, PP. 331, 335-337, 343-346;

PRESERVED SMITH, THE AGE OF THE REFORMATION (NEW YORK: HENRY HOLT AND 
COMPANY, 1920), PP. 23-25, 66.

ON THE PRACTICAL OUTWORKINGS OF THE DOCTRINE OF INDULGENCES DURING THE 
PERIOD OF THE REFORMATION SEE A PAPER BY DR. H. C. LEA, ENTITLED, 
"INDULGENCES IN SPAIN," PUBLISHED IN PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF 
CHURCH HISTORY, VOL. 1, PP. 129-171. OF THE VALUE OF THIS HISTORICAL 
SIDELIGHT DR. LEA SAYS IN HIS OPENING PARAGRAPH: "UNVEXED BY THE
CONTROVERSY 
WHICH RAGED BETWEEN LUTHER AND DR. ECK AND SILVESTER PRIERIAS, SPAIN 
CONTINUED TRANQUILLY TO FOLLOW IN THE OLD AND BEATEN PATH, AND FURNISHES
US 
WITH THE INCONTESTABLE OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS WHICH ENABLE US TO EXAMINE THE 
MATTER IN THE PURE LIGHT OF HISTORY."

PAGE 59. THE MASS.--FOR THE DOCTRINE OF THE MASS AS SET FORTH AT THE
COUNCIL 
OF TRENT SEE THE CANONS AND DECREES OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT IN PHILIP 
SCHAFF, CREEDS OF CHRISTENDOM, VOL. 2, PP. 126-139, WHERE BOTH LATIN AND 
ENGLISH TEXTS ARE GIVEN. SEE ALSO H. G. SCHROEDER, CANONS AND DECREES OF
THE 
COUNCIL OF TRENT (ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI: B. HERDER, 1941).

FOR A DISCUSSION OF THE MASS SEE THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA, VOL 5, ART. 
"EUCHARIST," BY JOSEPH POHLE, PAGE 572 FF.; NIKOLAUS GIHR, HOLY SACRIFICE
OF 
THE MASS, DOGMATICALLY, LITURGICALLY, ASCETICALLY EXPLAINED, 12TH ED. (ST.

LOUIS, MISSOURI: B. HERDER, 1937); JOSEF ANDREAS JUNGMANN, THE MASS OF THE

ROMAN RITE, ITS ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT, TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY 
FRANCIS A. BRUNNER (NEW YORK: BENZIGER BROS., 1951). FOR THE NON-CATHOLIC 
VIEW, SEE JOHN CALVIN, INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION, B. 4, CHS.
17, 
18; AND EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, THE DOCTRINE OF THE REAL PRESENCE (OXFORD, 
ENGLAND: JOHN H. PARKER, 1855).

PAGE 65. THE SABBATH AMONG THE WALDENSES.--THERE ARE WRITERS WHO HAVE 
MAINTAINED THAT THE WALDENSES MADE A GENERAL PRACTICE OF OBSERVING THE 
SEVENTH-DAY SABBATH. THIS CONCEPT AROSE FROM SOURCES WHICH IN THE ORIGINAL

LATIN DESCRIBE THE WALDENSES AS KEEPING THE DIES DOMINICALIS, OR LORD'S
DAY 
(SUNDAY), BUT IN WHICH THROUGH A PRACTICE WHICH DATES FROM THE
REFORMATION, 
THE WORD FOR "SUNDAY" HAS BEEN TRANSLATED "SABBATH."

BUT THERE IS HISTORICAL EVIDENCE OF SOME OBSERVANCE OF THE SEVENTH-DAY 
SABBATH AMONG THE WALDENSES. A RE****T OF AN INQUISITION BEFORE WHOM WERE 
BROUGHT SOME WALDENSES OF MORAVIA IN THE MIDDLE OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 
DECLARES THAT AMONG THE WALDENSES "NOT A FEW INDEED CELEBRATE THE

685

SABBATH WITH THE JEWS."--JOHANN JOSEPH IGNAZ VON DOLLINGER, BEITRAGE ZUR 
SEKTENGESCHICHTE DES MITTELALTERS (RE****TS ON THE HISTORY OF THE SECTS OF 
THE MIDDLE AGES), MUNICH, 1890, 2D PT., P. 661. THERE CAN BE NO QUESTION 
THAT THIS SOURCE INDICATES THE OBSERVANCE OF THE SEVENTH-DAY SABBATH.

PAGE 65. WALDENSIAN VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE.--ON RECENT DISCOVERIES OF 
WALDENSIAN MANUSCRIPTS SEE M. ESPOSITO, "SUR QUELQUES MANUSCRITS DE 
L'ANCIENNE LITTERATURE DES VAUDOIS DU PIEMONT," IN REVUE D' HISTORIQUE 
ECCLESIASTIQUE (LOUVAIN, 1951), P. 130 FF.; F. JOSTES, "DIE 
WALDENSERBIBELN," IN HISTORISCHES JAHRBUCH, 1894; D. LORTSCH, HISTOIRE DE
LA 
BIBLE EN FRANCE (PARIS, 1910), CH. 10.

A CLASSIC WRITTEN BY ONE OF THE WALDENSIAN "BARBS" IS JEAN LEGER, HISTOIRE

GENERALE DES EGLISES EVANGELIQUES DES VALLEES DE PIEMONT (LEYDEN, 1669), 
WHICH WAS WRITTEN AT THE TIME OF THE GREAT PERSECUTIONS AND CONTAINS 
FIRSTHAND INFORMATION WITH DRAWINGS.

FOR THE LITERATURE OF WALDENSIAN TEXTS SEE A. DESTEFANO, CIVILTA
MEDIOEVALE 
(1944); AND RIFORMATORI ED ERETICI NEL MEDIOEVE (PALERMO, 1938); J. D. 
BOUNOUS, THE WALDENSIAN PATOIS OF PRAMOL (NASHVILLE, 1936); AND A.
DONDAINE, 
ARCHIVUM FRATRUM PRAEDICATORUM (1946).

FOR THE HISTORY OF THE WALDENSES SOME OF THE MORE RECENT, RELIABLE WORKS 
ARE: E. COMBA, HISTORY OF THE WALDENSES IN ITALY (SEE LATER ITALIAN
EDITION 
PUBLISHED IN TORRE PELLICE, 1934); E. GEBHART, MYSTICS AND HERETICS
(BOSTON, 
1927); G. GONNET, IL VALDISMO MEDIOEVALE, PROLEGOMENI (TORRE PELLICE,
1935); 
AND JALLA, HISTOIRE DES VAUDOIS ET LEURS COLONIES (TORRE PELLICE, 1935).

PAGE 77. EDICT AGAINST THE WALDENSES.--A CONSIDERABLE ****TION OF THE TEXT
OF 
THE PAPAL BULL ISSUED BY INNOCENT VIII IN 1487 AGAINST THE WALDENSES (THE 
ORIGINAL OF WHICH IS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE) IS 
GIVEN, IN AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION, IN JOHN DOWLING'S HISTORY OF ROMANISM 
(1871 ED.), B. 6, CH. 5, SEC. 62.

PAGE 85. WYCLIFFE.--THE HISTORIAN DISCOVERS THAT THE NAME OF WYCLIFFE, HAS

MANY DIFFERENT FORMS OF SPELLING. FOR A FULL DISCUSSION OF THESE SEE J. 
DAHMUS, THE PROSECUTION OF JOHN WYCLYF (NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 
1952), P. 7.

PAGE 86. INFALLIBILITY.

FOR THE ORIGINAL TEXT OF THE PAPAL BULLS ISSUED AGAINST WYCLIFFE WITH 
ENGLISH TRANSLATION SEE J. DAHMUS, THE PROSECUTION OF JOHN WYCLYF (NEW 
HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1952), PP. 35-49; ALSO JOHN FOXE, ACTS AND 
MONUMENTS OF THE CHURCH (LONDON: PRATT TOWNSEND, 1870), VOL. 3, PP. 4-13.

FOR A SUMMARY OF THESE BULLS SENT TO THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, TO KING

EDWARD, AND TO THE CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, SEE MERLE 
D'AUBIGNE, THE HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
(LONDON: 
BLACKIE AND SON, 1885), VOL. 4, DIV. 7, P. 93; AUGUST NEANDER,

GENERAL

686

HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH (BOSTON: CROCKER AND BRESTER, 1862), VOL.
5, 
PP. 146, 147; GEORGE SARGEANT, HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH (DALLAS: 
FREDERICK PUBLI****NG HOUSE, 1948), P. 323; GOTTHARD V. LECHLER, JOHN 
WYCLIFFE AND HIS ENGLISH PRECURSORS (LONDON: THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY, 
1878), PP. 162-164; PHILIP SCHAFF, HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH (NEW 
YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 1915), VOL. 5, PT. 2, P. 317.

PAGE 104. COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE.--A PRIMARY SOURCE ON THE COUNCIL OF 
CONSTANCE IS RICHENDAL ULRICH, DAS CONCILIUM SO ZU CONSTANZ GEHALTEN IST 
WORDEN (AUGSBURG, 1483, INCUN.). AN INTERESTING, RECENT STUDY OF THIS
TEXT, 
BASED ON THE "AULENDORF CODEX," IS IN THE SPENCER COLLECTION OF THE NEW
YORK 
PUBLIC LIBRARY, PUBLISHED BY KARL KUP, ULRICH VON RICHENTAL'S CHRONICLE OF

THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE (NEW YORK, 1936). SEE ALSO H. FINKE (ED.), ACTA 
CONCILII CONSTANCIENSIS (1896), VOL. 1; HEFELE, CONCILIENGESCHICHTE (9 
VOLS.), VOLS. 6, 7; L. MIRBT, QUELLEN ZUR GESCHICHTE DES PAPSTTUMS (1934);

MILMAN, LATIN CHRISTIANITY, VOL. 7, PP. 426-524; PASTOR, THE HISTORY OF
THE 
POPES (34 VOLS.), VOL. 1, P. 197 FF.

MORE RECENT PUBLICATIONS ON THE COUNCIL ARE K. ZAHRINGER, DAS KARDINAL 
KOLLEGIUM AUF DEM KONSTANZER KONZIL (MUNSTER, 1935); TH. F. GROGAU, THE 
CONCILIAR THEORY AS IT MANIFESTED ITSELF AT THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE 
(WA****NGTON, 1949); FRED A. KREMPLE, CULTURAL ASPECTS OF THE COUNCIL OF 
CONSTANCE AND BASEL (ANN ARBOR, 1955); JOHN PATRICK MCGOWAN, D'AILLY AND
THE 
COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE (WA****NGTON: CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY, 1936).

FOR JOHN HUSS SEE JOHN HUS, LETTERS, 1904; E. J. KITTS, POPE JOHN XXIII
AND 
MASTER JOHN HUS (LONDON, 1910); D. S. SCHAFF, JOHN HUS (1915); SCHWARZE, 
JOHN HUS (1915); AND MATTHEW SPINKA, JOHN HUS AND THE CZECH REFORM (1941).

PAGE 234. JESUITISM.--FOR A STATEMENT CONCERNING THE ORIGIN, THE
PRINCIPLES, 
AND THE PURPOSES OF THE "SOCIETY OF JESUS," AS OUTLINED BY MEMBERS OF THIS

ORDER, SEE A WORK ENTITLED CONCERNING JESUITS, EDITED BY THE REV. JOHN 
GERARD, S.J., AND PUBLISHED IN LONDON, 1902, BY THE CATHOLIC TRUTH
SOCIETY. 
IN THIS WORK IT IS SAID, "THE MAINSPRING OF THE WHOLE ORGANIZATION OF THE 
SOCIETY IS A SPIRIT OF ENTIRE OBEDIENCE: 'LET EACH ONE,' WRITES ST. 
IGNATIUS, 'PERSUADE HIMSELF THAT THOSE WHO LIVE UNDER OBEDIENCE OUGHT TO 
ALLOW THEMSELVES TO BE MOVED AND DIRECTED BY DIVINE PROVIDENCE THROUGH
THEIR 
SUPERIORS, JUST AS THOUGH THEY WERE A DEAD BODY, WHICH ALLOWS ITSELF TO BE

CARRIED ANYWHERE AND TO BE TREATED IN ANY MANNER WHATEVER, OR AS AN OLD 
MAN'S STAFF, WHICH SERVES HIM WHO HOLDS IT IN HIS HAND IN WHATSOEVER WAY
HE 
WILL.'

"THIS ABSOLUTE SUBMISSION IS ENNOBLED BY ITS MOTIVE, AND SHOULD BE, 
CONTINUES THE . . . FOUNDER, 'PROMPT, JOYOUS AND PERSEVERING; . . . THE 
OBEDIENT RELIGIOUS ACCOMPLISHES JOYFULLY THAT WHICH HIS SUPERIORS HAVE 
CONFIDED TO HIM FOR THE GENERAL GOOD, ASSURED THAT THEREBY HE CORRESPONDS 
TRULY WITH THE DIVINE WILL.'"--THE COMTESSE R. DE COURSON, IN CONCERNING 
JESUITS, PAGE 6.

687

SEE ALSO L. E. DUPIN, A COMPENDIOUS HISTORY OF THE CHURCH, CENT. 16, CH.
33 
(LONDON, 1713, VOL. 4, PP. 132-135); MOSHEIM, ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY,
CENT. 
16, SEC. 3, PT. 1, CH. 1, PAR. 10 (INCLUDING NOTES); THE ENCYCLOPEDIA 
BRITANNICA (9TH ED.), ART. "JESUITS;" C. PAROISSEN, THE PRINCIPLES OF THE 
JESUITS, DEVELOPED IN A COLLECTION OF EXTRACTS FROM THEIR OWN AUTHORS 
(LONDON, 1860--AN EARLIER EDITION APPEARED IN 1839); W. C. CARTWRIGHT, THE

JESUITS, THEIR CONSTITUTION AND TEACHING (LONDON, 1876); E. L. TAUNTON,
THE 
HISTORY OF THE JESUITS IN ENGLAND, 1580-1773 (LONDON, 1901).

SEE ALSO H. BOEHMER, THE JESUITS (TRANSLATION FROM THE GERMAN,
PHILADELPHIA, 
CASTLE PRESS 1928 ); E. GOETHEIN, IGNATIUS LOYOLA AND THE
GEGEN-REFORMATION 
(HALLE, 1895); T. CAMPBELL, THE JESUITS, 1534 1921 (NEW YORK, 1922); E. L.

TAUNTON, THE HISTORY OF THE JESUITS IN ENGLAND, 1580-1773 (LONDON, 1901).

PAGE 235. THE INQUISITION.--FOR THE ROMAN CATHOLIC VIEW SEE THE CATHOLIC 
ENCYCLOPEDIA, VOL. 8, ART. "INQUISITION" BY JOSEPH BLOTZER, P. 26 FF.: AND

E. VACANDARD, THE INQUISITION: A CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE 
COERCIVE POWER OF THE CHURCH (NEW YORK: LONGMANS, GREEN AND COMPANY,
1908).

FOR AN ANGLO-CATHOLIC VIEW SEE HOFFMAN NICKERSON, THE INQUISITION: A 
POLITICAL AND MILITARY STUDY OF ITS ESTABLISHMENT. FOR THE NON-CATHOLIC
VIEW 
SEE PHILIP VAN LIMBORCH, HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION; HENRY CHARLES LEA, A 
HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION OF THE MIDDLE AGES, 3 VOLS.; A HISTORY OF THE 
INQUISITION OF SPAIN, 4 VOLS., AND THE INQUISITION IN THE SPANISH 
DEPENDENCIES; AND H. S. TURBERVILLE, MEDIEVAL HERESY AND THE INQUISITION 
(LONDON: C. LOCKWOOD AND SON, 1920--A MEDIATING VIEW).

PAGE 265. CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.--ON THE FAR-REACHING
CONSEQUENCES 
OF THE REJECTION OF THE BIBLE AND OF BIBLE RELIGION, BY THE PEOPLE OF 
FRANCE, SEE H. VON SYBEL, HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, B. 5, CH. 1, 
PARS. 3-7; HENRY THOMAS BUCKLE, HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION IN ENGLAND, CHS. 8
, 
12, 14 (NEW YORK, 1895, VOL. 1, PP. 364-366, 369-371, 437, 540, 541, 550);

BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE, VOL. 34, NO. 215 (NOVEMBER, 1833), P. 739; J. G. 
LORIMER, AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE PROTESTANT CHURCH IN FRANCE, CH. 8, 
PARS. 6, 7.

PAGE 267. EFFORTS TO SUPPRESS AND DESTROY THE BIBLE.--THE COUNCIL OF 
TOULOUSE, WHICH MET ABOUT THE TIME OF THE CRUSADE AGAINST THE ALBIGENSES, 
RULED: "WE PROHIBIT LAYMEN POSSESSING COPIES OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT.
. 
.. . WE FORBID THEM MOST SEVERELY TO HAVE THE ABOVE BOOKS IN THE POPULAR 
VERNACULAR." "THE LORDS OF THE DISTRICTS SHALL CAREFULLY SEEK OUT THE 
HERETICS IN DWELLINGS, HOVELS, AND FORESTS, AND EVEN THEIR UNDERGROUND 
RETREATS SHALL BE ENTIRELY WIPED OUT."--COUNCIL. TOLOSANUM, POPE GREGORY
IX, 
ANNO. CHR. 1229. CANONS 14 AND 2. THIS COUNCIL SAT AT THE TIME OF THE 
CRUSADE AGAINST THE ALBIGENSES.

"THIS PEST [THE BIBLE] HAD TAKEN SUCH AN EXTENSION THAT SOME PEOPLE HAD

688

APPOINTED PRIESTS OF THEIR OWN, AND EVEN SOME EVANGELISTS WHO DISTORTED
AND 
DESTROYED THE TRUTH OF THE GOSPEL AND MADE NEW GOSPELS FOR THEIR OWN
PURPOSE 
.. . . (THEY KNOW THAT) THE PREACHING AND EXPLANATION OF THE BIBLE IS 
ABSOLUTELY FORBIDDEN TO THE LAY MEMBERS."--ACTS OF INQUISITION, PHILIP VAN

LIMBORCH, HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION, CHAPTER 8.

THE COUNCIL OF TARRAGONA, 1234, RULED THAT: "NO ONE MAY POSSESS THE BOOKS
OF 
THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS IN THE ROMANCE LANGUAGE, AND IF ANYONE
POSSESSES 
THEM HE MUST TURN THEM OVER TO THE LOCAL BISHOP WITHIN EIGHT DAYS AFTER 
PROMULGATION OF THIS DECREE, SO THAT THEY MAY BE BURNED LEST, BE HE A
CLERIC 
OR A LAYMAN, HE BE SUSPECTED UNTIL HE IS CLEARED OF ALL SUSPICION."--D. 
LORTSCH, HISTOIRE DE LA BIBLE EN FRANCE, 1910, P. 14.

AT THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE, IN 1415, WYCLIFFE WAS POSTHUMOUSLY CONDEMNED
BY 
ARUNDEL, THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, AS "THAT PESTILENT WRETCH OF
DAMNABLE 
HERESY WHO INVENTED A NEW TRANSLATION OF THE SCRIPTURES IN HIS MOTHER 
TONGUE."

THE OPPOSITION TO THE BIBLE BY THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH HAS CONTINUED 
THROUGH THE CENTURIES AND WAS INCREASED PARTICULARLY AT THE TIME OF THE 
FOUNDING OF BIBLE SOCIETIES. ON DECEMBER 8, 1866, POPE PIUS IX, IN HIS 
ENCYCLICAL QUANTA CURA, ISSUED A SYLLABUS OF EIGHTY ERRORS UNDER TEN 
DIFFERENT HEADINGS. UNDER HEADING IV WE FIND LISTED: "SOCIALISM,
COMMUNISM, 
CLANDESTINE SOCIETIES, BIBLE SOCIETIES. . . . PESTS OF THIS SORT MUST BE 
DESTROYED BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS."

PAGE 276. THE REIGN OF TERROR.--FOR A RELIABLE, BRIEF INTRODUCTION INTO
THE 
HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION SEE L. GERSHOY, THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 
(1932); G. LEFEBVRE, THE COMING OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (PRINCETON,
1947); 
AND H. VON SYBEL, HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1869), 4 VOLS.

THE MONITEUR OFFICIEL WAS THE GOVERNMENT PAPER AT THE TIME OF THE
REVOLUTION 
AND IS A PRIMARY SOURCE, CONTAINING A FACTUAL ACCOUNT OF ACTIONS TAKEN BY 
THE ASSEMBLIES, FULL TEXTS OF THE DOCUMENTS, ETC. IT HAS BEEN REPRINTED.
SEE 
ALSO A. AULARD, CHRISTIANITY AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (LONDON, 1927), IN 
WHICH THE ACCOUNT IS CARRIED THROUGH 1802--AN EXCELLENT STUDY; W. H.
JERVIS, 
THE GALLICAN CHURCH AND THE REVOLUTION (LONDON, 1882), A CAREFUL WORK BY
AN 
ANGLICAN, BUT SHOWS PREFERENCE FOR CATHOLICISM.

ON THE RELATION OF CHURCH AND STATE IN FRANCE DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

SEE HENRY H. WALSH, THE CONCORDATE OF 1801: A STUDY OF NATIONALISM IN 
RELATION TO CHURCH AND STATE (NEW YORK, 1933); CHARLES LEDRE, L'EGLISE DE 
FRANCE SOUS LA REVOLUTION (PARIS, 1949).

SOME CONTEM****ARY STUDIES ON THE RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REVOLUTION 
ARE G. CHAIS DE SOURCESOL, LE LIVRE DES MANIFESTES (AVIGNON, 1800), IN
WHICH 
THE AUTHOR ENDEAVORED TO ASCERTAIN THE CAUSES OF THE UPHEAVAL, AND ITS 
RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE, ETC.; JAMES BICHENO, THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES
(LONDON, 
1794); JAMES WINTHROP, A SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF SEVERAL SCRIPTURE 
PROPHECIES RELATING TO ANTICHRIST; WITH THEIR APPLICATION TO THE COURSE OF

HISTORY

689

(BOSTON, 1795); AND LATHROP, THE PROPHECY OF DANIEL RELATING TO THE TIME
OF 
THE END (SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS, 1811).

FOR THE CHURCH DURING THE REVOLUTION SEE W. M. SLOAN, THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION 
AND RELIGIOUS REFORM (1901); P. F. LA GORCE, HISTOIRE RELIGIEUSE DE LA 
REVOLUTION (PARIS, 1909).

ON RELATIONS WITH THE PAPACY SEE G. BOURGIN, LA FRANCE ET ROME DE
1788-1797 
(PARIS, 1808), BASED ON SECRET FILES IN THE VATICAN; A. LATREILLE, L'
EGLISE 
CATHOLIQUE ET LA REVOLUTION (PARIS, 1950), ESPECIALLY INTERESTING ON PIUS
VI 
AND THE RELIGIOUS CRISIS, 1775-1799.

FOR PROTESTANTS DURING THE REVOLUTION, SEE PRESSENSE (ED.), THE REIGN OF 
TERROR (CINCINNATI, 1869).

PAGE 280. THE MASSES AND THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES.--ON SOCIAL CONDITIONS 
PREVAILING IN FRANCE PRIOR TO THE PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION, SEE H. VON 
HOLST, LOWELL LECTURES ON THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, LECTURE 1; ALSO TAINE, 
ANCIEN REGIME, AND A. YOUNG, TRAVELS IN FRANCE.

PAGE 283. RETRIBUTION.--FOR FURTHER DETAILS CONCERNING THE RETRIBUTIVE 
CHARACTER OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION SEE THOS. H. GILL, THE PAPAL DRAMA, B. 
10; EDMOND DE PRESSENSE, THE CHURCH AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, B. 3, CH.
1.

PAGE 284. THE ATROCITIES OF THE REIGN OF TERROR.--SEE M. A. THIERS,
HISTORY 
OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, VOL. 3, PP. 42-44, 62-74, 106 (NEW YORK, 1890, 
TRANSLATED BY F. SHOBERL); F. A. MIGNET, HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION,

CH. 9, PAR. 1 (BOHN, 1894); A. ALISON, HISTORY OF EUROPE, 1789-1815, VOL.
1, 
CH. 14 (NEW YORK, 1872, VOL. 1, PP. 293-312).

PAGE 287. THE CIRCULATION OF THE SCRIPTURES.--IN 1804, ACCORDING TO MR. 
WILLIAM CANTON OF THE BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY, "ALL THE BIBLES 
EXTANT IN THE WORLD, IN MANUSCRIPT OR IN PRINT, COUNTING EVERY VERSION IN 
EVERY LAND, WERE COMPUTED AT NOT MANY MORE THAN FOUR MILLIONS. . . . THE 
VARIOUS LANGUAGES IN WHICH THOSE FOUR MILLIONS WERE WRITTEN, INCLUDING
SUCH 
BYGONE SPEECH AS THE MOESO-GOTHIC OF ULFILAS AND THE ANGLO-SAXON OF BEDE, 
ARE SET DOWN AS NUMBERING ABOUT FIFTY."--WHAT IS THE BIBLE SOCIETY? REV. 
ED., 1904, P. 23.

THE AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY RE****TED A DISTRIBUTION FROM 1816 THROUGH 1955
OF 
481,149,365 BIBLES, TESTAMENTS, AND ****TIONS OF TESTAMENTS. TO THIS MAY BE

ADDED OVER 600,000,000 BIBLES OR SCRIPTURE ****TIONS DISTRIBUTED BY THE 
BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY. DURING THE YEAR 1955 ALONE THE AMERICAN

BIBLE SOCIETY DISTRIBUTED A GRAND TOTAL OF 23,819,733 BIBLES, TESTAMENTS, 
AND ****TIONS OF TESTAMENTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.

THE SCRIPTURES, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, HAVE BEEN PRINTED, AS OF DECEMBER, 
1955, IN 1,092 LANGUAGES; AND NEW LANGUAGES ARE CONSTANTLY BEING ADDED.

690

PAGE 288. FOREIGN MISSIONS.--THE MISSIONARY ACTIVITY OF THE EARLY
CHRISTIAN 
CHURCH HAS NOT BEEN DUPLICATED UNTIL MODERN TIMES. IT HAD VIRTUALLY DIED
OUT 
BY THE YEAR 1000, AND WAS SUCCEEDED BY THE MILITARY CAMPAIGNS OF THE 
CRUSADES. THE REFORMATION ERA SAW LITTLE FOREIGN MISSION WORK, EXCEPT ON
THE 
PART OF THE EARLY JESUITS. THE PIETISTIC REVIVAL PRODUCED SOME
MISSIONARIES. 
THE WORK OF THE MORAVIAN CHURCH IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAS REMARKABLE, 
AND THERE WERE SOME MISSIONARY SOCIETIES FORMED BY THE BRITISH FOR WORK IN

COLONIZED NORTH AMERICA. BUT THE GREAT RESURGENCE OF FOREIGN MISSIONARY 
ACTIVITY BEGINS AROUND THE YEAR 1800, AT "THE TIME OF THE END." DANIEL
12:4. 
IN 1792 WAS FORMED THE BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY, WHICH SENT CAREY TO 
INDIA. IN 1795 THE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY WAS ORGANIZED, AND ANOTHER 
SOCIETY IN 1799 WHICH IN 1812 BECAME THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY.
SHORTLY 
AFTERWARD THE WESLEYAN MISSIONARY SOCIETY WAS FOUNDED. IN THE UNITED
STATES 
THE AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS WAS FORMED IN
1812, 
AND ADONIRAM JUDSON WAS SENT OUT THAT YEAR TO CALCUTTA. HE ESTABLISHED 
HIMSELF IN BURMA THE NEXT YEAR. IN 1814 THE AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONARY 
UNION WAS FORMED. THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS WAS FORMED IN

1837.

"IN A.D. 1800, . . . THE OVERWHELMING MAJORITY OF CHRISTIANS WERE THE 
DESCENDANTS OF THOSE WHO HAD BEEN WON BEFORE A.D. 1500. . . . NOW, IN THE 
NINETEENTH CENTURY, CAME A FURTHER EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY. NOT SO MANY 
CONTINENTS OR MAJOR COUNTRIES WERE ENTERED FOR THE FIRST TIME AS IN THE 
PRECEDING THREE CENTURIES. THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN IMPOSSIBLE, FOR ON ALL THE

LARGER LAND MASSES OF THE EARTH EXCEPT AUSTRALIA AND AMONG ALL THE MORE 
NUMEROUS PEOPLES AND IN ALL THE AREAS OF HIGH CIVILIZATION CHRISTIANITY
HAD 
BEEN INTRODUCED BEFORE A.D. 1800. WHAT NOW OCCURRED WAS THE ACQUISITION OF

FRESH FOOTHOLDS IN REGIONS AND AMONG PEOPLES ALREADY TOUCHED, AN EXPANSION

OF UNPRECEDENTED EXTENT FROM BOTH THE NEWER BASES AND THE OLDER ONES, AND 
THE ENTRANCE OF CHRISTIANITY INTO THE LARGE MAJORITY OF SUCH COUNTRIES, 
ISLANDS, PEOPLES, AND TRIBES AS HAD PREVIOUSLY NOT BEEN TOUCHED. . . .

"THE NINETEENTH CENTURY SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY WAS DUE PRIMARILY TO A NEW 
BURST OF RELIGIOUS LIFE EMANATING FROM THE CHRISTIAN IMPULSE. . . . NEVER
IN 
ANY CORRESPONDING LENGTH OF TIME HAD THE CHRISTIAN IMPULSE GIVEN RISE TO
SO 
MANY NEW MOVEMENTS. NEVER HAD IT HAD QUITE SO GREAT AN EFFECT UPON WESTERN

EUROPEAN PEOPLES. IT WAS FROM THIS ABOUNDING VIGOR THAT THERE ISSUED THE 
MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE WHICH DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY SO AUGMENTED THE

NUMERICAL STRENGTH AND THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY."--KENNETH SCOTT 
LATOURETTE, A HISTORY OF THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY, VOL. IV, THE GREAT

CENTURY A.D. 1800 - A.D. 1914 (NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, 1941), PP.
2-4.

PAGES 327, 329. PROPHETIC DATES.--ACCORDING TO JEWISH RECKONING THE FIFTH 
MONTH (AB) OF THE SEVENTH YEAR OF ARTAXERXES' REIGN WAS FROM JULY 23 TO 
AUGUST 21, 457 B.C. AFTER EZRA'S ARRIVAL IN JERUSALEM IN THE AUTUMN OF THE

YEAR, THE DECREE OF THE KING WENT INTO EFFECT. FOR THE CERTAINTY OF THE
DATE 
457 B.C. BEING THE SEVENTH YEAR OF ARTAXERXES, SEE S. H. HORN AND L. H. 
WOOD, THE

691

CHRONOLOGY OF EZRA 7 (WA****NGTON, D. C.: REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLI****NG
ASSN., 
1953); E. G. KRAELING, THE BROOKLYN MUSEUM ARAMAIC PAPYRI (NEW HAVEN OR 
LONDON, 1953), PP. 191-193; THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST BIBLE COMMENTARY 
(WA****NGTON, D.C.: REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLI****NG ASSN., 1954), VOL. 3, PP. 
97-110.

PAGE 335. FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.--THE IMPACT OF MOSLEM TURKEY UPON 
EUROPE AFTER THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1453 WAS AS SEVERE AS HAD BEEN 
THE CATASTROPHIC CONQUESTS OF THE MOSLEM SARACENS, DURING THE CENTURY AND
A 
HALF AFTER THE DEATH OF MOHAMMED, UPON THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE.
THROUGHOUT 
THE REFORMATION ERA, TURKEY WAS A CONTINUAL THREAT AT THE EASTERN GATES OF

EUROPEAN CHRISTENDOM; THE WRITINGS OF THE REFORMERS ARE FULL OF
CONDEMNATION 
OF THE OTTOMAN POWER. CHRISTIAN WRITERS SINCE HAVE BEEN CONCERNED WITH THE

ROLE OF TURKEY IN FUTURE WORLD EVENTS, AND COMMENTATORS ON PROPHECY HAVE 
SEEN TURKISH POWER AND ITS DECLINE FORECAST IN SCRIPTURE.

FOR THE LATTER CHAPTER, UNDER THE "HOUR, DAY, MONTH, YEAR" PROPHECY, AS
PART 
OF THE SIXTH TRUMPET, JOSIAH LITCH WORKED OUT AN APPLICATION OF THE TIME 
PROPHECY, TERMINATING TURKISH INDEPENDENCE IN AUGUST, 1840. LITCH'S VIEW
CAN 
BE FOUND IN FULL IN HIS THE PROBABILITY OF THE SECOND COMING OF CHRIST
ABOUT 
A.D. 1843 (PUBLISHED IN JUNE, 1838); AN ADDRESS TO THE CLERGY (PUBLISHED
IN 
THE SPRING OF 1840; A SECOND EDITION, WITH HISTORICAL DATA IN SUP****T OF
THE 
ACCURACY OF FORMER CALCULATIONS OF THE PROPHETIC PERIOD EXTENDING TO THE 
FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, WAS PUBLISHED IN 1841); AND AN ARTICLE IN
SIGNS 
OF THE TIMES AND EXPOSITOR OF PROPHECY, AUG. 1, 1840. SEE ALSO ARTICLE IN 
SIGNS OF THE TIMES AND EXPOSITOR OF PROPHECY, FEB. 1, 1841; AND J. N. 
LOUGHBOROUGH, THE GREAT ADVENT MOVEMENT (1905 ED.), PP. 129-132. THE BOOK
BY 
URIAH SMITH, THOUGHTS ON DANIEL AND THE REVELATION, REV. ED. OF 1944, 
DISCUSSES THE PROPHETIC TIMING OF THIS PROPHECY ON PAGES 506-517.

FOR THE EARLIER HISTORY OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE DECLINE OF THE
TURKISH 
POWER, SEE ALSO WILLIAM MILLER, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS SUCCESSORS, 
1801-1927 (CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND: UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1936); GEORGE G. S. L. 
EVERSLEY, THE TURKISH EMPIRE FROM 1288 TO 1914 (LONDON : T. FISHER UNWIN, 
LTD., 2D ED., 1923); JOSEPH VON HAMMER-PURGSTALL, GESCHICHTE DES 
OSMANNISCHEN REICHES (PESTH: C. A. HARTLEBEN, 2D ED., 1834-36), 4 VOLS.; 
HERBERT A. GIBBONS, FOUNDATION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1300-1403 (OXFORD: 
UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1916); ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE AND KENNETH B. KIRKWOOD, TURKEY

(LONDON, 1926).

PAGE 340. WITHHOLDING THE BIBLE FROM THE PEOPLE.--THE READER WILL
RECOGNIZE 
THAT THE TEXT OF THIS VOLUME WAS WRITTEN PRIOR TO VATICAN COUNCIL II, WITH

ITS SOMEWHAT ALTERED POLICIES IN REGARD TO THE READING OF THE SCRIPTURES.

THROUGH THE CENTURIES, THE ATTITUDE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH TOWARD 
CIRCULATION OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES IN VERNACULAR VERSIONS AMONG THE LAITY 
SHOWS UP AS NEGATIVE. SEE FOR EXAMPLE G. P. FISHER, THE REFORMATION, CH.
15,

692

PAR. 16 (1873 ED., PP. 530-532); J. CARDINAL GIBBONS, THE FAITH OF OUR 
FATHERS, CH. 8 (49TH ED., 1897), PP. 98-117; JOHN DOWLING, HISTORY OF 
ROMANISM, B. 7, CH. 2, SEC. 14; AND B. 9, CH. 3, SECS. 24-27 (1871 ED.,
PP. 
491-496, 621-625); L. F. BUNGENER, HISTORY OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT, PP. 
101-110 (2D EDINBURGH ED., 1853, TRANSLATED BY D. D. SCOTT); G. H. PUTNAM,

BOOKS AND THEIR MAKERS DURING THE MIDDLE AGES, VOL. 1, PT. 2, CH. 2, PARS.

49, 54-56. SEE ALSO INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (VATICAN POLYGLOT PRESS, 
1930), PP. IX, X; TIMOTHY HURLEY, A COMMENTARY ON THE PRESENT INDEX 
LEGISLATION (NEW YORK: BENZIGER BROTHERS, 1908), P. 71; TRANSLATION OF THE

GREAT ENCYCLICAL LETTERS OF LEO XIII (NEW YORK: BENZIGER BROTHERS, 1903),
P. 
413.

BUT IN RECENT YEARS A DRAMATIC AND POSITIVE CHANGE HAS OCCURRED IN THIS 
RESPECT. ON THE ONE HAND, THE CHURCH HAS APPROVED SEVERAL VERSIONS
PREPARED 
ON THE BASIS OF THE ORIGINAL LANGUAGES; ON THE OTHER, IT HAS PROMOTED THE 
STUDY OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES BY MEANS OF FREE DISTRIBUTION AND BIBLE 
INSTITUTES. THE CHURCH, HOWEVER, CONTINUES TO RESERVE FOR HERSELF THE 
EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO INTERPRET THE BIBLE IN THE LIGHT OF HER OWN TRADITION, 
THUS JUSTIFYING THOSE DOCTRINES THAT DO NOT HARMONIZE WITH BIBLICAL 
TEACHINGS.

PAGE 373. ASCENSION ROBES.--THE STORY THAT THE ADVENTISTS MADE ROBES WITH 
WHICH TO ASCEND "TO MEET THE LORD IN THE AIR," WAS INVENTED BY THOSE WHO 
WISHED TO REPROACH THE ADVENT PREACHING. IT WAS CIRCULATED SO
INDUSTRIOUSLY 
THAT MANY BELIEVED IT, BUT CAREFUL INQUIRY PROVED ITS FALSITY. FOR MANY 
YEARS A SUBSTANTIAL REWARD WAS OFFERED FOR PROOF THAT ONE SUCH INSTANCE
EVER 
OCCURRED, BUT NO PROOF HAS BEEN PRODUCED. NONE WHO LOVED THE APPEARING OF 
THE SAVIOUR WERE SO IGNORANT OF THE TEACHINGS OF THE SCRIPTURES AS TO 
SUPPOSE THAT ROBES WHICH THEY COULD MAKE WOULD BE NECESSARY FOR THAT 
OCCASION. THE ONLY ROBE WHICH THE SAINTS WILL NEED TO MEET THE LORD IS THE

RIGHTEOUSNESS OF CHRIST. SEE ISAIAH 61:10; REVELATION 19:8.

FOR A THOROUGH REFUTATION OF THE LEGEND OF ASCENSION ROBES, SEE FRANCIS D.

NICHOL, MIDNIGHT CRY (WA****NGTON, D.C.: REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLI****NG
ASSN., 
1944), CHS. 25-27, AND APPENDICES H-J. SEE ALSO LEROY EDWIN FROOM,
PROPHETIC 
FAITH OF OUR FATHERS (WA****NGTON, D.C.: REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLI****NG
ASSN., 
1954), VOL. 4, PP. 822-826.

PAGE 374. THE CHRONOLOGY OF PROPHECY.--DR. GEORGE BUSH, PROFESSOR OF
HEBREW 
AND ORIENTAL LITERATURE IN THE NEW YORK CITY UNIVERSITY, IN A LETTER 
ADDRESSED TO WILLIAM MILLER AND PUBLISHED IN THE ADVENT HERALD AND SIGNS
OF 
THE TIMES RE****TER, BOSTON, MARCH 6 AND 13, 1844, MADE SOME IM****TANT 
ADMISSIONS RELATIVE TO HIS CALCULATION OF THE PROPHETIC TIMES. DR. BUSH 
WROTE:

"NEITHER IS IT TO BE OBJECTED, AS I CONCEIVE, TO YOURSELF OR YOUR FRIENDS,

THAT YOU HAVE DEVOTED MUCH TIME AND ATTENTION TO THE STUDY OF THE
CHRONOLOGY 
OF PROPHECY, AND HAVE LABORED MUCH TO DETERMINE THE COMMENCING AND CLOSING

DATES OF ITS GREAT PERIODS. IF THESE PERIODS ARE ACTUALLY GIVEN BY THE
HOLY 
GHOST IN THE PROPHETIC BOOKS, IT WAS DOUBTLESS WITH THE DESIGN THAT THEY

693

SHOULD BE STUDIED, AND PROBABLY, IN THE END, FULLY UNDERSTOOD; AND NO MAN
IS 
TO BE CHARGED WITH PRESUMPTUOUS FOLLY WHO REVERENTLY MAKES THE ATTEMPT TO
DO 
THIS. . . . IN TAKING A DAY AS THE PROPHETICAL TERM FOR A YEAR, I BELIEVE 
YOU ARE SUSTAINED BY THE SOUNDEST EXEGESIS, AS WELL AS FORTIFIED BY THE
HIGH 
NAMES OF MEDE, SIR ISAAC NEWTON, BISHOP NEWTON, KIRBY, SCOTT, KEITH, AND A

HOST OF OTHERS WHO HAVE LONG SINCE COME TO SUBSTANTIALLY YOUR CONCLUSIONS
ON 
THIS HEAD. THEY ALL AGREE THAT THE LEADING PERIODS MENTIONED BY DANIEL AND

JOHN, DO ACTUALLY EXPIRE ABOUT THIS AGE OF THE WORLD, AND IT WOULD BE A 
STRANGE LOGIC THAT WOULD CONVICT YOU OF HERESY FOR HOLDING IN EFFECT THE 
SAME VIEWS WHICH STAND FORTH SO PROMINENT IN THE NOTICES OF THESE EMINENT 
DIVINES." "YOUR RESULTS IN THIS FIELD OF INQUIRY DO NOT STRIKE ME SO FAR
OUT 
OF THE WAY AS TO AFFECT ANY OF THE GREAT INTERESTS OF TRUTH OR DUTY."
"YOUR 
ERROR, AS I APPREHEND, LIES IN ANOTHER DIRECTION THAN YOUR CHRONOLOGY."
"YOU 
HAVE ENTIRELY MISTAKEN THE NATURE OF THE EVENTS WHICH ARE TO OCCUR WHEN 
THOSE PERIODS HAVE EXPIRED. THIS IS THE HEAD AND FRONT OF YOUR EXPOSITORY 
OFFENDING." SEE ALSO LEROY EDWIN FROOM, PROPHETIC FAITH OF OUR FATHERS 
(WA****NGTON, D.C.: REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLI****NG ASSN., 1950), VOL. 1, CHS.

1, 2.

PAGE 435. A THREEFOLD MESSAGE.--REVELATION 14:6, 7 FORETELLS THE 
PROCLAMATION OF THE FIRST ANGEL'S MESSAGE. THEN THE PROPHET CONTINUES: 
"THERE FOLLOWED ANOTHER ANGEL, SAYING, BABYLON IS FALLEN, IS FALLEN. . . .

AND THE THIRD ANGEL FOLLOWED THEM." THE WORD HERE RENDERED "FOLLOWED"
MEANS 
"TO GO ALONG WITH," "TO FOLLOW ONE," "GO WITH HIM." SEE HENRY GEORGE
LIDDELL 
AND ROBERT SCOTT, GREEK ENGLISH LEXICON (OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS, 1940), 
VOL. 1, P. 52. IT ALSO MEANS "TO ACCOMPANY." SEE GEORGE ABBOTT-SMITH, A 
MANUAL GREEK LEXICON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT (EDINBURGH: T. AND T. CLARK, 
1950), PAGE 17. IT IS THE SAME WORD THAT IS USED IN MARK 5:24, "JESUS WENT

WITH HIM; AND MUCH PEOPLE FOLLOWED HIM, AND THRONGED HIM." IT IS ALSO USED

OF THE REDEEMED ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FOUR THOUSAND, REVELATION 14:4,
WHERE 
IT IS SAID, "THESE ARE THEY WHICH FOLLOW THE LAMB WHITHERSOEVER HE GOETH."

IN BOTH THESE PLACES IT IS EVIDENT THAT THE IDEA INTENDED TO BE CONVEYED
IS 
THAT OF "GOING TOGETHER," "IN COMPANY WITH." SO IN 1 CORINTHIANS 10:4,
WHERE 
WE READ OF THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL THAT "THEY DRANK OF THAT SPIRITUAL ROCK 
THAT FOLLOWED THEM," THE WORD "FOLLOWED" IS TRANSLATED FROM THE SAME GREEK

WORD, AND THE MARGIN HAS IT, "WENT WITH THEM." FROM THIS WE LEARN THAT THE

IDEA IN REVELATION 14:8, 9 IS NOT SIMPLY THAT THE SECOND AND THIRD ANGELS 
FOLLOWED THE FIRST IN POINT OF TIME, BUT THAT THEY WENT WITH HIM. THE
THREE 
MESSAGES ARE BUT ONE THREEFOLD MESSAGE. THEY ARE THREE ONLY IN THE ORDER
OF 
THEIR RISE. BUT HAVING RISEN, THEY GO ON TOGETHER AND ARE INSEPARABLE.

PAGE 447. SUPREMACY OF THE BISHOPS OF ROME.--FOR THE LEADING CIRCUMSTANCES

IN THE ASSUMPTION OF SUPREMACY BY THE BISHOPS OF ROME, SEE ROBERT FRANCIS 
CARDINAL BELLARMINE, POWER OF THE POPES IN TEM****AL AFFAIRS (THERE IS AN 
ENGLISH TRANSLATION IN THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WA****NGTON, D. C.); HENRY 
EDWARD CARDINAL MANNING, THE TEM****AL POWER OF THE VICAR OF JESUS CHRIST 
(LONDON: BURNS AND LAMBERT, 2D ED., 1862); AND JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS,
FAITH 
OF OUR FATHERS (BALTIMORE: JOHN MURPHY CO., 110TH ED., 1917), CHS. 5, 9,
10, 
12. FOR PROTESTANT AUTHORS SEE TREVOR GERVASE JALLAND, THE CHURCH AND THE 
PAPACY (LONDON: SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, 1944, A BAMP

694

(LONDON: BURNS AND LAMBERT, 2D ED., 1862); AND JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS,
FAITH 
OF OUR FATHERS (BALTIMORE: JOHN MURPHY CO., 110TH ED., 1917), CHS. 5, 9,
10, 
12. FOR PROTESTANT AUTHORS SEE TREVOR GERVASE JALLAND, THE CHURCH AND THE 
PAPACY (LONDON: SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, 1944, A BAMPTON

LECTURE); AND RICHARD FREDERICK LITTLEDALE, PETRINE CLAIMS (LONDON:
SOCIETY 
FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, 1899). FOR SOURCES OF THE EARLY
CENTURIES 
OF THE PETRINE THEORY, SEE JAMES T. SHOTWELL AND LOUISE ROPES LOOMIS, THE 
SEE OF PETER (NEW YORK: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1927). FOR THE FALSE 
"DONATION OF CONSTANTINE" SEE CHRISTOPHER B. COLEMAN, THE TREATISE OF 
LORENZO VALLA ON THE DONATION OF CONSTANTINE (NEW YORK, 1914), WHICH GIVES

THE FULL LATIN TEXT AND TRANSLATION, AND A COMPLETE CRITICISM OF THE 
DOCUMENT AND ITS THESIS.

PAGE 565. QUOTATIONS FROM JOSIAH STRONG.--IN HIS FIRST EDITION OF OUR 
COUNTRY, JOSIAH STRONG, WITHOUT ACCESS TO PRIMARY SOURCES, INCORRECTLY 
REFERENCED THE STATEMENTS ATTRIBUTED TO POPE PIUS IX.

THE CORRECT REFERENCE FOR THE FIRST CITATION IS POPE GREGORY XVI'S 
ENCYCLICAL LETTER OF AUGUST 15, 1832. THE RELEVANT PARAGRAPH IS HERE
QUOTED 
IN FULL:

LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE

"THIS SHAMEFUL FONT OF INDIFFERENTISM GIVES RISE TO THAT ABSURD AND 
ERRONEOUS PROPOSITION WHICH CLAIMS THAT LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE MUST BE 
MAINTAINED FOR EVERYONE. IT SPREADS RUIN IN SACRED AND CIVIL AFFAIRS,
THOUGH 
SOME REPEAT OVER AND OVER AGAIN WITH THE GREATEST IMPUDENCE THAT SOME 
ADVANTAGE ACCRUES TO RELIGION FROM IT. 'BUT THE DEATH OF THE SOUL IS WORSE

THAN FREEDOM OF ERROR,' AS AUGUSTINE WAS WONT TO SAY. WHEN ALL RESTRAINTS 
ARE REMOVED BY WHICH MEN ARE KEPT ON THE NARROW PATH OF TRUTH, THEIR
NATURE, 
WHICH IS ALREADY INCLINED TO EVIL, PROPELS THEM TO RUIN. THEN TRULY 'THE 
BOTTOMLESS PIT' IS OPENED FROM WHICH JOHN SAW SMOKE ASCENDING WHICH
OBSCURED 
THE SUN, AND OUT OF WHICH LOCUSTS FLEW FORTH TO DEVASTATE THE EARTH.
THENCE 
COMES TRANSFORMATION OF MINDS, CORRUPTION OF YOUTHS, CONTEMPT OF SACRED 
THINGS AND HOLY LAWS--IN OTHER WORDS, A PESTILENCE MORE DEADLY TO THE
STATE 
THAN ANY OTHER. EXPERIENCE SHOWS, EVEN FROM EARLIEST TIMES, THAT CITIES 
RENOWNED FOR WEALTH, DOMINION, AND GLORY PERISHED AS A RESULT OF THIS
SINGLE 
EVIL, NAMELY IMMODERATE FREEDOM OF OPINION, LICENSE OF FREE SPEECH, AND 
DESIRE FOR NOVELTY."--AS PRINTED IN CLAUDIA CARLEN, IHM, THE PAPAL 
ENCYCLICALS, 1740-1878 (ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN: THE PIERIAN PRESS, 1990),
VOL. 
1, P. 238.

THE SECOND CITATION SHOULD BE CREDITED TO POPE PIUS IX'S SYLLABUS OF
ERRORS, 
WHICH ACCOMPANIED HIS ENCYCLICAL LETTER OF DECEMBER 8, 1864. INCLUDED
AMONG 
THE 80 ERRORS ANATHEMATIZED ARE:

"24. THE CHURCH HAS NOT THE POWER OF USING FORCE, NOR HAS SHE ANY TEM****AL

POWER, DIRECT OR INDIRECT.--APOSTOLIC LETTER 'AD APOSTOLICAE,' AUG. 22, 
1851."

"78. HENCE IT HAS BEEN WISELY DECIDED BY LAW, IN SOME CATHOLIC COUNTRIES, 
THAT PERSONS COMING TO RESIDE THEREIN SHALL ENJOY THE PUBLIC EXERCISE OF 
THEIR OWN PECULIAR WOR****P.--ALLOCUTION 'ACERBISSIMUM,' SEPT. 27, 1852.

"79. MOREOVER, IT IS FALSE THAT THE CIVIL LIBERTY OF EVERY FORM OF
WOR****P, 
AND THE FULL POWER, GIVEN TO ALL, OF OVERTLY AND PUBLICLY MANIFESTING ANY 
OPINIONS WHATSOEVER AND THOUGHTS, CONDUCE MORE EASILY TO CORRUPT THE
MORALS 
AND MINDS OF THE PEOPLE, AND TO PROPAGATE THE PEST OF 
INDIFFERENTISM.--ALLOCUTION 'NUNQUAM FORE,' DEC. 15, 1856."--AS PRINTED IN

ANNE FREMANTLE, ED., THE PAPAL ENCYCLICALS IN THEIR HISTORICAL CONTEXT
(NEW 
YORK: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 1956), PP. 146, 152.

IT SHOULD ALSO BE NOTED THAT THE OATH OF ALLEGIANCE TO THE POPE, QUOTED IN

THE LAST PARAGRAPH OF THE CITATION FROM STRONG, WAS THE BISHOP'S OATH, NOT

ONE TAKEN BY CARDINALS.

PAGE 565. WITHHOLDING THE BIBLE FROM THE PEOPLE.--SEE NOTE FOR PAGE 340.

PAGE 578. THE ETHIOPIAN CHURCH AND THE SABBATH.--UNTIL RATHER RECENT YEARS

THE COPTIC CHURCH OF ETHIOPIA OBSERVED THE SEVENTH-DAY SABBATH. THE 
ETHIOPIANS ALSO KEPT SUNDAY, THE FIRST DAY OF THE WEEK, THROUGHOUT THEIR 
HISTORY AS A CHRISTIAN PEOPLE. THESE DAYS WERE MARKED BY SPECIAL SERVICES
IN 
THE CHURCHES. THE OBSERVANCE OF THE SEVENTH-DAY SABBATH HAS, HOWEVER, 
VIRTUALLY CEASED IN MODERN ETHIOPIA. FOR EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF RELIGIOUS 
DAYS IN ETHIOPIA, SEE PERO GOMES DE TEIXEIRA, THE DISCOVERY OF ABYSSINIA
BY 
THE ****TUGUESE IN 1520 (TRANSLATED IN ENGLISH IN LONDON: BRITISH MUSEUM, 
1938), P. 79; FATHER FRANCISCO ALVEREZ, NARRATIVE OF THE ****TUGUESE
EMBASSY 
TO ABYSSINIA DURING THE YEARS 1520-1527, IN THE RECORDS OF THE HAKLUYT 
SOCIETY (LONDON, 1881), VOL. 64, PP. 22-49; MICHAEL RUSSELL, NUBIA AND 
ABYSSINIA (QUOTING FATHER LOBO, CATHOLIC MISSIONARY IN ETHIOPIA IN 1622) 
(NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, 1837), PP. 226-229; S. GIACOMO BARATTI, LATE

TRAVELS INTO THE REMOTE COUNTRIES OF ABYSSINIA (LONDON: BENJAMIN 
BILLINGSLEY, 1670), PP. 134-137; JOB LUDOLPHUS, A NEW HISTORY FOR ETHIOPIA

(LONDON: S. SMITH, 1682), PP. 234-357; SAMUEL GOBAT, JOURNAL OF THREE
YEARS' 
RESIDENCE IN ABYSSINIA (NEW YORK: ED. OF 1850), PP. 55-58, 83-98. FOR
OTHER 
WORKS TOUCHING UPON THE QUESTION, SEE PETER HEYLYN, HISTORY OF THE
SABBATH, 
2D ED., 1636, VOL. 2, PP. 198-200; ARTHUR P. STANLEY, LECTURES ON THE 
HISTORY OF THE EASTERN CHURCH (NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 1882), 
LECTURE 1, PAR. 1; C. F. REY, ROMANCE OF THE ****TUGUESE IN ABYSSINIA 
(LONDON: F. H. AND G. WITHERLEY, 1929), PP. 59, 253-297.


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