Expansion: Big Bang or Stretching? 3
The Evidence
Accelerating Expansion. The red****ft of distant starlight suggests an
expansion. However, a big bang should produce only a decelerating
expansion, not the accelerating expansion observed. Stretching,
completed during the creation week, could have produced the
accelerated expansion seen by the light finally reaching Earth today
from the edge of the visible universe.
Star Formation. Astronomers recognize that the densest concentrations
of gas seen in the universe could not form stars by any known means,
including gravitational collapse, unless that gas was thousands of
times more compact than today. Apparently, stars were formed as, or
before, the heavens were stretched out.
Black Holes. A supermassive black hole is in the center of at least
every nearby galaxy. Black holes are so massive (millions of times
greater than our Sun) that nothing can escape their gravity=97even
light. Astronomers admit that black holes must have existed very soon
after the universe began (5), but the big bang theory says that all
matter was spread out uniformly after 300,000 years, before stars
formed. That uniformity would prevent gravity from forming galaxies
and black holes even over the supposed age of the universe (6).
However, stars and supermassive black holes could easily have formed
or existed soon after the creation of matter and the universe, when
the universe was much smaller and the heavens had not yet been
stretched out. Had this stretching not occurred, all the matter in the
universe would have collapsed into a supermassive black hole. Life
would not exist.
5. =93The masses of these early black holes are inferred from their
[quasar] luminosities to be >109 solar masses, which is a difficult
theoretical challenge [for the big bang theory] to explain.=94 Rennan
Barkana and Abraham Loeb, =93Spectral Signature of Cosmological Infall
of Gas Around the First Quasars,=94 Nature, Vol. 421, 23 January 2003,
p. 341.
=93The daunting problem for theories of structure formation in the
Universe is to understand how such huge black holes [3 billion solar
masses] and the vast reservoirs of gaseous fuel were assembled so soon
after the Big Bang ...=94 Edwin L. Turner, =93Through a Lens Brightly,=94
Nature, 27 June 2002, p. 905.
=93... such black holes indeed formed early in the history of the
universe and were already devouring matter voraciously a mere billion
years after the Big Bang.=94 Ron Cowen, =93Mature Before Their Time,=94
Science News, Vol. 163, 1 March 2003, p. 139.
6. =93But the standard model [the big bang theory] still can=92t easily
account for a large number of mature or massive galaxies in the early
universe.=94 Ibid.
=93But this uniformity [in the cosmic microwave background (CMB)
radiation] is difficult to reconcile with the obvious clumping of
matter into galaxies, clusters of galaxies and even larger features
extending across vast regions of the universe, such as =91walls=92 and
=91bubbles=92. =94 Ivars Peterson, =93Seeding the Universe,=94 Science
News,=
Vol. 137, 24 March 1990, p. 184.
=93Gravity can=92t, over the age of the universe, amplify these
irregularities enough [to form huge clusters of galaxies].=94 Margaret
Geller, as quoted by John Travis, =93Cosmic Structures Fill Southern
Sky,=94 Science, Vol. 263, 25 March 1994, p. 1684.
=93Yet how could the universe have gone from homogeneous plasma to
pancakes to galaxies so quickly? Gravity alone was simply not strong
enough to do it.=94 M. Mitchell Waldrop, =93The Large-Scale Structure of
the Universe,=94 Science, Vol. 219, 4 March 1983, p. 1051.
Robert Irion, =93Early Galaxies Baffle Observers, but Theorists Shrug,=94
Science, Vol. 303, 23 January 2004, p. 460.
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